应用稳定碳同位素组成特征研究环境空气颗粒物中多环芳烃的来源

采集了乌鲁木齐市与郑州市非采暖季的环境空气颗粒物 ,用二氯甲烷做溶剂提取、硅胶柱层分离出多环芳烃样品 .用气相色谱 /燃烧系统 /同位素质谱测定了多环芳烃单化合物的稳定碳同位素组成 .结果表明 :这 2个城市的TSP与PM10 中多环芳烃单化合物稳定碳同位素组成相比较没有明显的区别 ;两城市的颗粒物样品中 ,分子量较小菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘和苯并 (e)芘的稳定碳同位素组成没有明显的区别 ,平均值范围为 - 2 3 4‰～ - 2 4 8‰ ,分子量较大的多环芳烃的δ13 C出现了明显差异 ,乌鲁木齐市环境空气颗粒物中多环芳烃单化合物的δ13 C随着其分子量的增大比郑州市更贫13 C ,乌鲁木齐市的环境空气颗粒物中的苯并 (a)芘、茚并 (1,2 ,3 cd)芘、苯并 (ghi)的δ13 C值分别为 - 2 8 3‰、- 31 8‰和 - 30 2‰ ,郑州市为 - 2 4 4‰、- 2 9 4‰和 - 2 6 3‰ .结合对两城市燃煤量和机动车拥有量的对比分析 ,本研究认为 :在非采暖季 ,这两个城市环境空气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染主要是以煤的炭化、气化、燃烧以及机动车尾气为主的复合型污染 ,而机动车尾气...     

The influence of meteorological conditions and stringent emission control on high TSP episodes in istanbul

Istanbul has faced serious air pollution problems since the mid-80s. This is mainly due to particulate air pollution coming from poor quality lignite in areas, which are heavily populated and industrialized. As a consequence of severe air pollution problems, stringent control on the emissions in the city started in the year of 1994. In this work, in order to study the relationship between emissions and meteorological conditions, an assessment of air pollution episodes and air pollution potential in the city is presented for the terms at the changed emission schedule as the influence of an emission reduction strategy. The influence of meteorological conditions on the TSP (total suspended particulates) levels is considered for two consecutive winter periods. On this occasion, the city has faced different TSP levels and episode characteristics depending on stringent emission reductions covering the banned, poor-quality lignite and fuel switching. For this purpose, climatological conditions and air quality analyses were performed.     

城市大气总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛

城市大气总悬浮颗粒物是造成全球大部分城市空气污染严重的原因之一,世界各国对之已进行过很多的研究。大量的研究显示,总悬浮颗粒物的污染非常严重,是影响城市空气质量的首要污染物。总悬浮颗粒物的源以人为来源为主,其汇则以湿沉降为主。总悬浮颗粒物对城市气候的影响主要通过2种方式:一种是通过散射或吸收太阳辐射直接影响气候;另一种是以云凝结核的形式改变云的光学特性和云的分布而间接影响气候。但是总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛相互关系的研究目前还未受到应有的关注,总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互作用尚未有定论,总悬浮颗粒物既有促进城市热岛形成,也有促进城市冷岛形成的研究报道。文章认为可从如下3个方面探讨总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互关系:(1)总悬浮颗粒物在城市热岛中的贡献;(2)总悬浮颗粒物影响城市热岛的作用机理;(3)总悬浮颗粒物与城市植被和城市热岛的相互关系及植被对总悬浮颗粒物的净化、对城市热岛的缓解。研究总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互关系为制定科学合理的城市大气总悬浮颗粒物污染防治措施,有效缓解现代城市热岛难题提供理论依据。     

北京东南郊大气中多环芳烃的相分配及其致癌毒性表征

采用索氏提取法提取2005年3月至2006年1月间北京市东南郊3个采样点大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品和气相样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs),利用GC/MS分析其质量浓度,对PAHs在颗粒相和气相间的分配行为进行研究。结果表明,2环组分在气相PAHs中占优势地位,全年平均在95%左右;4环组分在颗粒相PAHs中全年平均占56%左右;5~6环组分几乎全部分布在颗粒相中。引入苯并[a]芘等当量毒性因子(TEFs),探讨致癌毒性组分在2相间的分配行为,研究发现低毒高质量浓度的低环组分与高毒低质量浓度的高环组分对致癌性贡献相当;利用苯并[a]芘等效质量浓度与16种PAHs组分质量浓度进行多元线性回归,得到的回归方程用于粗略计算大气中PAHs致癌性组分的等效质量浓度;在分析PAHs分配行为的季节变化规律基础上,结合气象参数和空气污染指数分析PAHs在大气气相和颗粒相中分配系数的影响因素,并提出了分配系数与气象参数和API指数的回归方程,并利用回归方程来计算PAHs组分在大气中的分配系数。     

Particulate air pollution in Lanzhou China

Concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP) and PM(10) in Lanzhou China have been kept high for the past two decades. Data collected during the intensive observational period from October 1999 to April 2001 show high TSP and PM(10) concentrations. Starting from November, the PM(10) pollution intensifies, and reaches mid to high alert level of air pollution, continues until April next year, and is at low alert level in the summer. In the winter and spring, the TSP concentration is 2-10 times higher than the third-level criterion of air quality (severe pollution). Effects of intrinsic factors (sources of pollution) and remote preconditions (propagation of dust storms) for severe PM(10) and TSP pollution in Lanzhou are analyzed.     

Using geoaccumulation index to study source profiles of soil dust in China

Source apportionment studies of TSP(atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters≤100μm)and PM10(atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters≤10μm)have revealed that soil dust is all important source of these particulates in China In this study, the contamination of soil dust was assessed through the use of a geoaccumulation index(Igeo). The mass concentration profiles ofl7 elements(Na, Mg, AI, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Ba, andPb)were establishedforurban soil dusts. Geochemical cOmpositions of soils from 15 cities were used to represent background urban soil compositions. The results of this Studv indicated that a number of cities are severely polluted by particulates containing Ca, Cr, Ni, and Cu in both size fractions(TSP and PM10). Contamination with Zn, Pb, Co, and Br was moderate to severe(Igeo>2). The AI and Fe concentrations were not high enough for them to be considered contaminants.     

吉林市东局子监测子站TSP与PM10相关分析及大气容量核算的探讨

根据环境空气中TSP与PM10的相关性,建立起相关方程,进而以此作为各功能区环境容量因子的参数值反应其它功能区的PM10的参考数据。     

Analysis of acidic components, heavy metals and PAHS of particulate in the Changwon–Masan area of Korea

This study is an analysis of the concentrations and components of heavy metals in PM_2.5 and the total suspended particulate (TSP) collected at a mechanical industrial complex (IC) site in Changwon and at a residential site in Masan, Korea. Particulate was collected during two sampling periods, from the late summer to the early fall and from the middle to late fall, at the IC site and one sampling period, from the middle fall to the early winter, at the residential site. PM_2.5 and TSP samples were taken by an annular denuder system and a hi-volume air sampler, respectively. The authors also identified the concentrations and components of heavy metals extracted from the PM_2.5 and TSP filters, the acidic components extracted from the PM_2.5 filters, and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) extracted from polyurethane foam (PUF) plug. The average concentrations of the PM_2.5 collected at the IC and residential sites were very similar. Major sources of PM_2.5 at the study sites, however, were air emissions from vehicles and industry as well as emissions from residential heating and soil origins, respectively. The higher concentrations of the TSP at the IC site, as compared to those at the residential site, were due to either increased suspended dust from vehicle emissions or re-suspended road dust because of increased vehicle speeds near the IC site. Heavy metal concentrations in the TSPs were higher than those in the PM_2.5. The heavy metal concentrations in the PM_2.5 and TSP at the IC site with heavy traffic were substantially greater than those at the residential site. The concentrations of TSP and heavy metals and PAHs in PM during the period of the middle to late fall was much higher than those during the period of the late summer to early fall at the IC site. This is because of the difference in meteorological characteristics and energy uses between two periods. The residential site also showed higher concentrations of acidic anions while the IC site showed higher concentrations of acidic cation. Secondary aerosols or particulates, such as ammonium nitrate or ammonium nitrite, might have been important constituents of the PM_2.5 at the residential site. The PAHs in the TSP collected at the IC site was greatly affected by traffic and industry emissions consisting mostly of high molecular weight PAHs with two to four rings. PAHs in the TSP at the site, however, were affected by residential heating and air emissions from small chemical plants having higher concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs with five to six rings.     

西宁市环境空气中TSP和PM10来源解析研究

在西宁市7个采样点分别采集了环境空气中的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10),用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型和二重源解析技术解析了TSP和PM10的来源。结果表明:扬尘、煤烟尘和土壤风沙尘是造成该市TSP和PM10污染的主要源类。扬尘是造成该市颗粒物污染的首要因素,控制城市扬尘污染是城市环境空气颗粒物达标的关键。     

长沙市城区施工扬尘和土壤扬尘污染时空特征研究

随着我国城市化的迅速发展,大气污染问题成为影响人们生活幸福感的重要因素之一。施工、裸露地面等引起的扬尘成为城市大气颗粒物污染的主要来源。将GIS方法和原环保部《扬尘源颗粒物排放清单编制技术指南(试行)》推荐的计算方法相结合,估算出2016—2018年长沙市城区施工扬尘源、土壤扬尘源的颗粒物排放量,从时空分布特征与空间自相关等多个方面剖析了扬尘源的颗粒物排放情况。结果表明:长沙市扬尘源沿中心城区向西、北方向辐射,呈现出半圆环形的带状分布,以城乡接合部最为集中；2016—2018年,长沙市城区扬尘源排放量总体呈现逐年递减的变化趋势。研究结果与长沙市城区实际情况基本相符,可为长沙市扬尘污染控制策略的制定提供参考。