Genotoxicity evaluation of drinking water sources in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay

The potential harm of organic pollutants in drinking water to human health is widely focused on in the wodd; more and more pollutants with genotoxic substances are released into the aquatic environment. Water source samples were collected from 7 different localities of Nanjing City. The potential genotoxicity of organic extracts from drinking water sources were investigated by means of the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. The results showed that all the organic extracts from all the water source samples could induce DNA damages of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at different levels. A significant difference （P 〈 0.01） was observed when compared with the solvent control, The DNA damage increased with the increase of the dosage of the original water source. Significant differences of DNA damage were observed in different drinking water sources, as shown by the multiple comparisons analysis at the dosage of 100x; the degree of DNA damage treated by Hushu waterworks （at town level） was the most serious, the arbitrary units （AU） was 141.62±6.96, however, that of Shangyuanmen waterworks （at city level） was only 109.64±2.97. The analysis also revealed that the genotoxicity of town＇s water sources was higher than that of the city. The results demonstrated that the comet assay can be successfully applied to the genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water sources.     

臭氧多相催化氧化处理微污染水中试研究

通过中试系统初步比较了非均相催化剂催化臭氧化与传统中间臭氧化在饮用水深度处理中的净化效能.结果表明,对有机物污染宏观指标CODMn、TOC的控制,催化臭氧化具有明显优势,降低了后续处理工艺的有机物负荷;催化臭氧化与中间臭氧化对UV254的去除率相当;催化剂能够强化臭氧氧化,使其进一步去除水中持久性有毒有害有机物,并且显著地提高了臭氧氧化氨氮生成硝酸盐氮的能力,催化剂也强化了臭氧的传质与利用.     

亚硒酸盐对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传损伤效应

采用蚕豆根尖微核实验和姊妹染色单体交换实验，研究亚硒酸盐的遗传损伤效应．结果表明：0．1～50．0μg／g的亚硒酸氢钠(NaHSeO3)处理12h可诱发蚕豆根尖细胞遗传损伤，导致根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降，间期具有微核的细胞数显著增多，姐妹染色单体交换(SCE)频率明显增高；且根尖微核细胞率与处理浓度间具有正相关，分裂指数与处理浓度间呈负线性相关，分裂指数与微核率之间表现负相关．研究结果提示：硒能破坏生物的遗传稳定性，职业接触或饮食补硒时应避免其毒害作用．图1表4参17     

用于核酸损伤和化合物基因毒性检测的新型DNA电化学传感器

利用电化学方法检测DNA损伤和污染物基因毒性具有重要意义．根据分子膜层层自组装的原理,将受化学损伤的小牛胸腺DNA固定于氧化铟锡电极表面,制备出核酸传感器界面．使用DNA嵌入剂二联吡啶二吡啶并[3,2- a;2’,3’-c]吩嗪钌[Ru(bpy)2dppz2+]作为电信号指示剂,与核酸膜结合后,进行电化学检测．由于嵌入剂具有很高的DNA结合能力和双链特异性,与DNA的结合数量在损伤前后发生变化．在电化学检测中,采用已研究成功的高倍数信号放大机制,用电子给予体草酸还原Ru(bpy)2dppz3+,使之循环产生电流信号．这样,嵌入剂与DNA结合数目的微量变化得到灵敏检测．在工作中,分别采用石英晶体微天平和电化学方法对DNA的表面固定进行了表征,计算出未损伤DNA的固定量为3．2 ng·mm-2,损伤DNA的固定量为4．2 ng·mm-2．对两种核酸膜进行电化学检测,发现在信号放大剂草酸溶液中,损伤DNA的电流信号显著高于未损伤DNA,前者是后者的2．2倍．通过荧光分析,得到Ru(bpy)2 dppz2+与损伤DNA的结合常数(K=1．07×107 M-1)和结合比(0．68)．嵌入剂与损伤DNA结合物的荧光强度是未损伤DNA 的1．5倍,说明损伤后嵌入剂结合量增加了1．5倍．损伤DNA电化学检测信号增高的主要原因是由于信号指示剂嵌入电极表面核酸数量的增加．利用高结合能力、高选择性的电化学嵌入剂,结合高倍数信号放大机制,可以对核酸损伤进行灵敏检测．     

Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Increases the Genotoxicity of Cyclophosphamide in the Micronucleus Assay with V79 Cells: Further Proof of Alterations in Cell Membrane Properties Caused by PFOS (3 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; C8F17SO3-) is a fully fluorinated organic compound which has been manufactured for decades and was used widely in industrial and commercial products. The recent toxicological knowledge of PFOS mainly concerns mono-substance exposures of PFOS to biological systems, leaving the potential interactive effects of PFOS with other compounds as an area where understanding is significantly lacking. However, a recent study, reported the potential of PFOS to enhance the toxicity of two compounds by increasing cell membrane permeability. This is of particular concern since PFOS has been reported to be widely distributed in the environment where contaminants are known to occur in complex mixtures. In this study, PFOS was evaluated alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide (CPP) to investigate whether a presence of PFOS leads to an increased genotoxic potential of CPP towards hamster lung V79 cells. Genotoxicity was investigated using the micronucleus (MN) assay according to the recent draft ISO/DIS 21427-2 method. PFOS alone demonstrated no genotoxicity up to a concentration of 12.5 mg/L. However, PFOS combined with two different concentrations of CPP, with metabolic activation, caused a significant increase in the number of micronucleated cells compared to treatments with CPP only. These results provide a first indication that PFOS has the potential to enhance the genotoxic action of CPP towards V79 cells, suggesting that together with the alterations in cell membrane properties shown previously, that genotoxicity of complex mixtures may be increased significantly by changes in chemical uptake. Together with an earlier study performed by the own working group it can be concluded that PFOS alone is not genotoxic in this bioassay using V79 cells up to 12.5 mg/L, but that further investigations are needed to assess the potential interaction between PFOS and other substances, in particular regarding the impact of membrane alterations on the uptake of toxic substances. Materials and Methods: - Results: - Discussion: - Conclusions: - Recommendations and Perspectives: -     

无锡市饮用水嗅味突发事件致嗅原因及潜在问题分析

针对2007年5月底6月初发生的无锡市饮用水嗅味事件,在嗅味层次分析法(FPA)的基础上,利用感官气相色谱法对污染水团、取水口以及管网水中的致嗅物质种类进行了鉴定,并利用GC-MS对主要致嗅物质进行了定量分析,同时,对微囊藻毒素含量以及生物遗传毒性进行了测定.结果表明,此次嗅味事件的主要致嗅物质为以二甲基三硫为主的硫醚类有机体腐败产物,6月4日采集的污染水团中二甲基三硫含量高达11399 ng·L-1.同时,含有一定量的2-甲基异莰醇(MIB)等藻类分泌物,但这些物质的嗅味被二甲基三硫等硫醚类化合物导致的腥臭味所掩盖,不是主要的致嗅物质.另外,6月4日及6月8日采集的取水口样品分析结果表明,原水中微囊藻毒素含量远低于新颁布的生活饮用水卫生标准,而且,利用umu测试得到的水中遗传毒性水平很低.     

矸石山及其周边村庄土壤浸出液对大麦的毒性作用

煤矸石是煤炭开采过程中产生的一种有害固体废弃物,长期堆积会对周边环境造成严重的危害.为探究矸石山的生态风险,本研究通过水培实验方法考察了煤矸石及其下游村庄土壤浸出液在不同稀释浓度(1∶27、 1∶9、 1∶3和1∶1)下对大麦生长发育的影响及遗传损伤效应.结果表明,低浓度煤矸石浸出液对大麦幼苗根和芽的生长有轻微促进作用,而高浓度煤矸石和村庄土壤浸出液则显著抑制其萌发和生长.随着煤矸石浸出液浓度的升高,大麦叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,叶绿素(Chl)呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而村庄土壤浸出液则表现出较低的毒性效应.此外,高浓度的煤矸石和村庄土壤浸出液导致大麦根尖细胞有丝分裂指数的降低和微核发生率的增加,提示其可能涉及遗传毒性.本研究结果为煤矸石堆放区及其周边土壤的生态风险评估提供了实验依据.     

DNA damage of germ cell of rat induced by nitrotoluene chemicals

2,4-dinitrotoluene(2,4-DNT), 2,6-dinitrotoluene(2,6-DNT) and 4-nitrotoluene(4-NT) are typical pollutants in the Songhua River of Northeast China. Sertoli/germ call cocultures and single cell gel electrophoresis(SCGE) are applied to investigate whether they have genotoxicity on DNA damage of germ cell of Kunming male rat. The results showed that all three nitrotoluene compounds tested could induce DNA single-strand breaks of the germ call. A significant relationship is found between logarithm dose and the degree of DNA damage, which implies that 2,4-DNT, 2,6-DNT and 4-NT have genotoxicity and can induce the germ cell DNA strand to break in vitro.     

非程序DNA合成试验检测长江水质的遗传毒性

应用原代肝细胞的非程序DNA合成（UDS）试验检测水质的遗传毒性。结果表明,试验条件是可行的。UDS试验从DNA修复合成的角度来反映受试物的遗传毒性作用,可作为水质的评价方法之一。应用UDS试验对长江中下游五个城市的源水及自来水进行检测,结果发现,无论是源水还是自来水均可引起cpm值的升高,说明对哺乳动物细胞均具有一定的遗传毒性。     

稀土矿城市不同季节大气可吸入颗粒物中稀土含量特征及颗粒物细胞毒性

为探讨典型稀土矿城市不同季节大气可吸入颗粒物(inhalable particulate matter,PM10)中稀土元素污染特征及其细胞毒性响应,将前期采集于包头市的PM10颗粒物进行提取,检测PM10中的稀土元素(rare earth elements,REEs)含量,并将人肺上皮细胞(A549)暴露于不同浓度水平(25,50,100μg·m L-1)的PM10样品和标准颗粒物1649b(standard reference material,SRM1649b)暴露液,用WST-1法测定暴露24 h后的细胞活性,用2’7’二氯荧光素二醋酸盐(2’7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate,DCFH-DA)荧光探针法和彗星实验分别测定暴露3 h后的细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)产生水平和DNA双链损伤程度。结果表明,包头春、夏季大气PM10和SRM1649b均引起A549细胞活性下降,并诱导细胞内ROS生成量增加,造成显著的细胞内DNA损伤,含REEs的大气颗粒物毒性显著高于标准颗粒物。与春季相比,包头夏季PM10对细胞活性的抑制程度更高,造成更多的DNA双链损伤,从而表现出更强的细胞毒性和遗传毒性。包头PM10呈现明显的轻稀土元素(light rare earth elements,LREEs)富集,铈(Ce)、钷(Pm)、镧(La)和钕(Nd)含量占稀土总量的50%以上。LREEs均与细胞活性和细胞内ROS产生水平呈负相关性,包头春季和夏季PM10中稀土元素含量的差异是导致包头PM10细胞毒性效应不同于标准颗粒物且具有季节性差异的原因之一。