Protective effect of Spirulina platensis against aluminium-induced nephrotoxicity and DNA damage in rats

The protective effect of Spirulina platensis (SP) powder against aluminium-induced nephrotoxicity and DNA damage in rats was studied. Male rats receiving daily 40 mg/kg b.wt. aluminium chloride (AlCl₃) orally had increased serum levels of urea and creatinine, up regulated kidney injury molecule-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 genes, down regulated catalase and glutathione peroxidase genes, and increased all parameters of kidney DNA damage using comet assay. Treatment with SP alleviated all AlCl₃-induced effects of toxicity, especially when the animals were pre-treated.     

某微污染水源自来水厂的纳滤深度处理效果研究

采用一级四段纳滤组合工艺处理南方某微污染水源自来水厂的传统净水工艺段出水,考察了纳滤膜工艺对出水水质的提升效果.结果表明,纳滤对常规水质指标与微量有机物有较好的去除效果,对混凝沉淀池出水中TOC和UV_(254)的去除率在95%以上(出水TOC≤0.3 mg·L~(-1),UV254≤0.005 cm~(-1));对卤乙酸、三卤甲烷前体物、多环芳烃和有机氯农药的截留率分别在62%、85%、50%和95%左右,使用UMU-SOS测试的出水遗传毒性低于检出限,不同段纳滤膜对相对分子质量较大的消毒副产物前体物与有机氯农药的去除率未呈现明显差异,但对相对分子质量较小的多环芳烃去除效果呈现明显差异,表明纳滤主要依靠物理截留去除水中相对分子质量较大的有机物,对相对分子质量较小的有机物则存在较大的局限性.与之相比,水厂目前使用的双级臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺对传统净水工艺出水中多环芳烃、有机氯农药、遗传毒性的去除截留率分别仅为17%、62%、80%左右,显示纳滤对微量有机物的去除效果更为理想.     

Ames试验对海产贝类遗传毒性的检测

采用Ames试验结合小白鼠生物学试验对贝类腹泻性贝毒(diarrhetic shellfish poisoning,DSP)的提取物进行了遗传毒性初步研究。结果表明:4份贝类样品不同程度地受到了遗传毒物的污染,7份贝类样品受到腹泻性贝毒污染。同时本文也从实践上证明在我国海洋环境监测开展Ames试验对贝类遗传毒性检测具有极为重要的意义。     

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of urban surface waters using freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 and Vicia faba root tip

The freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 test and the Vicia faba root tip test associated with solid-phase extraction were applied for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of organic substances in three rivers, two lakes and effluent flows from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Xi'an, China. Although the most seriously polluted river with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) showed high cytotoxicity (expressed as TII₅₀, the toxicity impact index) and genotoxicity (expressed as RMCN, the relative frequency of micronucleus), no correlative relation was found between the ecotoxicity and organic content of the water samples. However, there was a linear correlative relation between TII₅₀ and RMCN for most water samples except that from the Zaohe River, which receives discharge from WWTP and untreated industrial wastewaters. The ecotoxicity of the organic toxicants in the Chanhe River and Zaohe River indicated that cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were related to the pollutant source. The TII₅₀ and RMCN were also found to correlate roughly to the dissolved oxygen concentration of the water. Sufficient dissolved oxygen in surface water is thus proved to be an indicator of a healthy water environmental condition.     

基于A2/O处理工艺的生活污水的成组生物毒性评价

为了更加准确评估城市生活污水的综合生物毒性以及处理工艺对污水毒性的削减状况,本研究通过发光菌急性毒性、遗传毒性、雌激素活性检测方法对A~2/O工艺处理前后污水的毒性进行评价,同时通过斑马鱼暴露实验分析污水和回用水对水生生物内分泌干扰效应的作用模式.结果表明,污水厂进水具有较强的急性毒性、遗传毒性以及雌激素活性,水质较差.经二级生物处理后,上述毒性显著性降低,污水厂出水水质提高.但污水出水雌二醇当量为1.89 ng·L-1,仍可能会对受纳水体的水生生物产生潜在危害.浓缩2.5倍的水样导致雄性斑马鱼肝脏的卵黄原蛋白基因(vtg1)和雌激素受体基因(esr1)的表达水平显著上升,由此可以得出污水可通过干扰目的基因的表达来调控水生生物的内分泌活动.而esr1基因在肝脏的表达被抑制说明污水可能具有抗雌激素作用,同时反映进行生物毒性效应分析时应从多个组织或器官考虑,以获得比较全面的信息.     

不同粒径大气颗粒物几种重金属成分分析及其致突变性研究

采集冬季太原市一采样点不同粒径大气颗粒物,经分析,总悬浮颗粒物日均浓度为1.04mg/m~3,严重超标。其中粒径小于7.0μm的占49.6％,小于3.3μm的占33.5％。颗粒物无机提取液中5种金属元素的浓度由高到低依次为Pb、Mn、Cr、Ni和Cd。每一种元素均呈随颗粒物粒径减小浓度增高的趋势。以SOS显色法和小鼠体内骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验检测颗粒物的无机提取液和模拟肺泡液溶出液的遗传毒性,表明小粒径颗粒物遗传毒性较强;小于1.1μm的颗粒物,仅用相当于5m~3或10m~3空气量的样品液,即可诱发SOS反应或致染色体损伤。     

Biotransformation and Genotoxic Biomarkers in Mullet Species (LIZA SP.) From a Contaminated Coastal Lagoon (Ria De Aveiro, Portugal)

The aim of the present study was to assess liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) frequency in three mullet species, as biotransformation and genotoxicity biomarkers, respectively, for monitoring aquatic ecosystems. Specimens of Liza aurata, Liza ramada and Liza saliens were caught bimonthly, between May 2000 and March 2001, at nine stations in the Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), a polluted coastal lagoon. The survey revealed two critical areas (Vagos and Carregal) where it was observed elevated EROD activity and ENA frequency, comparing to the reference sites. The results often reflect a contamination by a mixture of pollutants, from point and non-point sources. Nevertheless, the responses observed at Vagos are probably attributable to high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) water levels measured at that station. All species were able to detect inter-site differences; however L. aurata seems to be the most appropriate bio-indicator due to its larger geographical distribution and abundance during the whole year. The adopted biomarkers, applied to mullet species, can be successfully employed for biomonitoring anthropogenic contamination in both Atlantic and Mediterranean European coastal waters.     

遗传毒性检测技术在海洋环境监测中的应用

介绍了几种常用的遗传毒性检测技术,即Ames试验、微核试验和彗星试验等;概述了国内外在海洋环境的遗传毒性检测领域所取得的成果及研究进展;通过与常规化学监测做比较,阐明遗传毒性检测在海洋环境监测中的重要性;最后探讨了开展海洋环境遗传毒性检测可能存在的问题,为把遗传毒性检测技术应用于我国海洋环境监测提供思路。     

Change in genotoxicity of wastewater during chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections and the influence of ammonia nitrogen

The effects of chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections on the genotoxicity of different biologically treated sewage wastewater samples were studied by umu-test. The experiment results showed that when chlorine dioxide dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater first decreased rapidly and then tended to be stable, while when the chlorine dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater changed diversely for different samples. It was then found that ammonia nitrogen did not affect the change of genotoxicity during chlorine dioxide disinfection of wastewater, while it greatly affected the change of genotoxicity during chlorine disinfection of wastewater. When the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was low (< 10–20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater decreased after chlorine disinfection, and when the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was high (> 10–20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater increased after chlorine disinfection.