Multiple biomarkers response in maize (Zea mays L.) during exposure to copper

Biomarkers in higher plants played an important role to estimate exposure effects of pollutants in soil ecosystem and have received increasing attention in recent years. The qualitative and quantitative modifications arising in amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） profiles as a measure of DNA effects were compared with a number of parameters, namely, the root length, total soluble protein content in root tips, chlorophylls content and shoot size to select the most sensitive biomarker responding to copper stress in the range of 0--600 mg/kg. The changes occurring in AFLP profiles of root tips following Cu treatment included loss of normal bands and appearance of new bands and variation in band intensity in comparison to that of the normal seedlings, A reduction in root length was observed at the 200 mg/kg of copper, which was accompanied with a decrease in total soluble protein content. According to their sensitivity to the copper toxicity, the above indicator rank in the following order： AFLP profiles 〉 total soluble protein content 〉 root length 〉 chlorophylls content 〉 shoot. We concluded that the AFLP offered a useful alternative hiomarker assay for the detection of genotoxic effects of environmental pollutants.     

阿散酸及其降解产物对鱼和蚯蚓的遗传毒性

为了全面评价有机胂制剂阿散酸对水生生物和土壤生物的遗传毒性效应,文章分别以红鲤鱼和赤子爱胜蚓为生物材料,采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术从细胞水平上研究了阿散酸降解前后对鲤鱼肾细胞和蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的损伤。鲤鱼肾细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,阿散酸降解之前和降解的第4周阿散酸对鲤鱼肾细胞DNA有显著损伤,表现出明显的遗传毒性作用,但第二周却不引起鲤鱼肾细胞DNA的任何损伤。蚯蚓体腔细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,阿散酸降解之前不能诱导蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的明显损伤,不表现遗传毒性效应,与对照组相比没有显著性差异(P>0.05);但阿散酸降解开始后,各浓度的降解混合物体系都能引起蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的明显损伤,表现出较强的遗传毒性作用。     

基于细菌毒性测试与小鼠肺基因转录分析的PM2.5健康效应

尽管大量流行病学和毒理学研究表明,PM_(2.5)暴露会导致一系列肺部疾病,但是其毒性机制尚不明确.本研究选取不同浓度梯度PM_(2.5)颗粒物样品进行细菌毒性评价,结果显示颗粒物的发光细菌急性毒性、遗传毒性分别为低毒和阴性.此外,采用气管灌注方法模拟小鼠呼吸暴露,研究了肺脏病理改变及差异基因表达.肺脏病理切片分析显示,PM_(2.5)暴露造成肺组织不同程度炎症反应和纤维化损伤,并呈现浓度越高、损伤程度越明显的现象.通路分析发现PM_(2.5)暴露影响到核糖体蛋白功能、脂肪酸与胆固醇代谢功能的正常表达,提示肺部炎症反应源于基因损害,其造成的损害后果可能是不可逆的.GO聚类分析发现免疫功能发生聚类富集,相关基因功能异常表达可能是造成肺部炎症的具体路径.这些发现有助于了解PM_(2.5)暴露危害路径和机制.     

一种新的水质遗传毒性评价方法的建立

为了便于低成本、快速地检测环境中各种污染物的遗传毒性,本研究以前期构建的UV敏感菌株为监测菌,对多种已知化合物的遗传毒性进行测试.结果显示该菌株对遗传毒性化合物可快速产生响应,与化合物孵育0.5 h后裸眼即可观察到菌液浊度发生变化,且受试菌菌液浊度呈现剂量依赖的特点.剂量效应曲线计算表明,该菌株对两性霉素B、氯化苄、克菌丹和萘啶酮酸的最低检出浓度分别为0.32 mmol·L~(-1)、0.11 mmol·L~(-1)、0.07μmol·L~(-1)和2.14μmol·L~(-1),均低于欧盟标准遗传毒性测试方法——SOS/umu方法.进一步建立了Cr(VI)的剂量-效应标准曲线,为评价复杂样品的遗传毒性强度提供了一个可能的选择.利用该方法对3个环境水样进行了测试,其中一个水样在浓缩200倍后可诱使测试菌发生SOS响应,其Cr(VI)等效剂量浓度为0.08μmol·L~(-1) Cr(VI).上述结果表明,该方法具有应用于环境样品遗传毒性定性与半定量初筛的潜力.     

Sensitive crop species and appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of Pb-contaminated soils

The present study aims to determine the phytotoxic effects of lead (Pb) on corn (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and to identify the sensitive crop species and appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of Pb-contaminated soil. In a laboratory experiment, Pb(NO₃)₂ was added to the background soil to obtain eight Pb treatments. The results indicate that the seed germination rate of lettuce decreases by 14.44%, 30.00% and 40.00% at 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg Pb kg^?1 soil, respectively. However, the germination of corn, wheat, cucumber and cabbage is not significantly influenced by the Pb-contaminated soil treated with all the tested concentrations. Furthermore, the root elongation is more sensitive to Pb than is seed germination. The minimum concentrations of adverse effect of maize, wheat, cucumber, cabbage and lettuce are 2000, 3000, 1300, 800 and 300 mg Pb kg^?1 soil, respectively. Moreover, dicotyledon species are more sensitive than monocotyledon species. In the genotoxicity study, the mitotic index (MI) fluctuates with an increasing Pb concentration. The micronuclei (MN) frequencies of cucumber, cabbage and lettuce exhibit a dose-dependent effect at concentrations ranging from 1300 to 4000 mg Pb kg^?1 soil. It can be concluded that lettuce is a good candidate for indicating the toxicity of Pb in soil. Root elongation and the micronucleus frequency of dicotyledon are appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of Pb-contaminated soil.     

Genotoxic Effect of Phenol on the Cells of Onion (Allium cepa) Roots

The roots of onion (Allium cepa) stand out for having cells with large size and small number of chromosomes.These characteristics make them useful in bioassays for the measurement of a variety of cytogenetic and morphological parameters , in which they can be used as toxicity indicators of the induction and formation of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations.Based on this background , the potential genotoxic effect of phenol concentration on cells of A.ceparoots was investigated either in terms of induced aberrations or micronuclei formation.The results demonstrated that the higher the concentration of phenol , the higher the incidence of abnormalities , thus confirming the genotoxicity of this pollutant.     

泥鳅在污染物毒性评价中的应用研究

泥鳅营底栖生活,生存能力强,易于饲养,便于采集和处理,有作为模式生物的潜力。受到污染物胁迫时,泥鳅在分子、细胞、组织、器官和个体水平上会发生明显的变化,其存活、生长和繁殖从而受到影响。泥鳅的这些特性可以被用来进行污染物毒性评价。从急性毒性、蓄积毒性、生殖力毒性、遗传毒性等方面,综述和分析了泥鳅在污染物毒性评价中的应用研究进展,并对未来研究重点进行了展望。     

长江南京段水体中有机污染物的遗传毒性研究

运用人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验和蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验对长江南京段水体中有机污染物的遗传毒性进行了研究. 结果表明:长江南京段水体中的有机污染物对人外周血淋巴细胞和蚕豆根尖细胞均产生了不同程度的损伤,存在明显的遗传毒性,有机物是导致水体遗传毒性的主要因素. 试验结果与水体的有机污染状况基本一致. 彗星试验结果及趋势与微核试验相吻合,但前者更为敏感. 彗星试验和微核试验的结合使用在水环境的遗传毒性监测方面具有较大的应用价值.      

水源水中微囊藻毒素的遗传毒性与健康风险评价

应用美国EPA健康风险评价模型对浙江省101个饮用水源地微囊藻毒素(MC)的健康风险度进行评价,提示水源水中微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)具有较高的非致癌风险.采集MC污染相对严重的A、B 2饮用水源,一部分利用树脂对其中的MC进行浓集,另一部分加入稀释的纯毒素MC-LR模拟水源水中MC释放的情况,同时制备相同浓度的纯毒素序列,利用Ames试验检测藻毒素浓集物、水样中藻毒素和纯毒素对细菌的致突变性,彗星试验检测人外周血淋巴细胞可能产生的DNA损伤,微核试验检测鲤鱼红细胞微核的诱发效应.结果表明,与阴性对照组相比,藻毒素浓集物、纯毒素和藻毒素稀释水样均可引起人外周血淋巴细胞DNA的不同程度损伤(P <0.01),损伤随着染毒剂量的增加而加重,高剂量浓集物、藻毒素稀释水样A和纯毒素可诱导鲤鱼红细胞微核率上升,在本实验条件下尚未观察到藻毒素浓集物、藻毒素稀释水样及纯毒素在Ames试验中具有显著的致突变作用.利用树脂浓集水源水中MC和向水源水中加入稀释的MC-LR模拟MC释放2种方法切实可行,饮用水源水中MC可诱导鲤鱼红细胞微核率上升和淋巴细胞DNA损伤,具有遗传毒性,可能对人体健康产生的远期危害.     

Lysosomal,genetic and chromosomal damage in haemocytes of the freshwater bivalve (Unio pictorum) exposed to polluted sediments from the River Cecina (Italy)

The response to chemical disturbance of an Italian river (Cecina River) characterised by high levels of trace metals was assessed in the sentinel species freshwater painter’s mussel (Unio pictorum). We exposed U. pictorum in the laboratory to metal, metalloid and other trace element polluted river sediments in order to evaluate genetic and cellular biomarkers. Bivalves exposed to sediments taken from all the impacted sites of the river basin exhibited a significant impairment at the DNA, chromosomal and lysosomal levels. The lysosomal membrane stability of circulating haemocytes, assessed by the Neutral Red Retention Time, was found to be higher in specimens from Lake Maggiore and Berignone, while exhibited a significant decrease in specimens exposed to Ponteginori sediments. An increase of DNA migration in specimens exposed to the two contaminated sites in comparison with controls was found. Moreover, higher micronucleated haemocytes frequencies were observed in bivalves exposed to sediments collected at Possera 1 site. This study suggested that biomarkers evaluating cellular impairment, genetic and chromosomal damages, are highly sensitive and suitably applied to laboratory experiments. The painter’s mussel was confirmed to be an appropriate sentinel species for quality assessment in metal-contaminated freshwater environments.