城市化对水体非点源污染的影响

非点源污染现已成为世界上许多国家水体污染的重大污染源.长期以来,农业非点源污染受到高度重视,城市非点源污染的研究相对较少.而城市化是当今土地利用变化影响水质、流域的水文和其他物理特性以及发生潜在非点源污染的突出形式.城市化对水体非点源污染的影响,主要体现在使非点源污染的"源"、"过程"和"汇"发生了变化.本文从描述-预测评价-应用的角度总结了国际上城市化对城市水体非点源污染影响的研究.目前主要侧重于用模型来描述城市化对城市非点源污染过程的影响,模拟预测非点源污染物的负荷等.从景观生态学格局与过程的角度,探讨城市化和城市非点源污染之间的关系.城市化带来的城市景观格局的时空变化对城市非点源污染的综合影响研究是今后发展的一个方向.     

A grey multi-objective programming approach for sustainable land-use in the Miyun Reservoir basin, China

Miyun Reservoir is the most important water source to Beijing City. Land-use of the basin plays a great role in the protection of water resources. Hence a sustainable land-use planning is required to optimize land-use structure and protect water resources in the basin. Based on the complete land-use system analysis in Miyun, a grey multi-objective programming to basin land-use(GMOPBLU)model was developed and applied to land-use planning. Two alternatives were produced and analyzed by means of interactive adjustment and scenano analysis. The results showed the GMOPBLU model is a valuable approach for basin land-use planning.     

“十二五”期间中国区域低碳经济与国土空间开发格局的协调发展研究

有别于单纯的"区域竞争"模式,国土空间开发格局逐渐成为新形势下我国区域发展的基础和前提,区域开发应满足前者的基本要求。本文根据各省基于县级单元的主体功能区划,以2010年为基年,通过建立人口、经济、产业结构和温室气体排放等多层次指标体系,评价"十二五"时期我国区域低碳经济与国土空间开发格局协调发展的进展程度。研究发现,城市化地区(重点开发区和优化开发区)以占不到18%的国土面积,集聚了1/2以上的人口和3/4的经济产出;农产品主产区的面积占比超过1/4,人口比例接近1/3;重点生态功能区面积比例接近56%,人口比例低于10%。2010—2014年,从全国范围看,各类主体功能区的发展态势与其功能定位基本吻合,表现为优化开发区、农产品主产区和重点生态功能区的人口和经济集聚度均有微降,而重点开发区有所上升;各区产业结构均有所优化,但农产品主产区和重点生态功能区产业结构调整的幅度小于城市化地区。具体到各省,研究发现本文所研究的"协调性"进展与传统意义上的东、中、西区域划分和发展水平并无直接关系,例如同为东部地区的京津冀三地,协调性进展有显著差异,也显示出三地协同发展的难度。相反,一些惯常认为发展较为落后的省区,例如河北、青海、山西等地,在经济发展与国土空间开发格局的协调性方面所付出的努力和成效走在前列。部分地区低碳发展与其国土空间开发格局呈现出相对不协调的态势,主要表现为农产品主产区和重点生态保护区都出现了经济集聚度上升、产业结构劣化、CO_2排放大幅度上升、排放强度甚至也上升的趋势。     

Taking away David’s sling*: environmental justice and land-use conflict in extractive resource development

Exploring cases of gas and coal extraction in Australia and the U.S.A., this paper considers instances in which legal and political frameworks have been used to prioritise development interests and minimise opportunities for community objection. Two case studies illustrate the role of law and the influence of politics on environmental conflict, conflict resolution, and participation in decision-making associated with resource extraction. A range of barriers to meaningful community participation in land-use decision-making are exposed by combining legal and non-legal concepts of equity and justice with ideologies of democracy and representation. These include asymmetry in information and resources available to parties; instances of misrecognition of weaker participants; and examples of malrecognition, where community attempts to engage democratic rights of public participation were thwarted by the strategic and deliberate actions of both industry and government. This paper illustrates the limits of current legal approaches to addressing land-use conflict and contributes to the developing scholarship of environmental justice as an analytic framework for addressing complex environmental and social justice issues.     

高速公路用地复垦技术体系浅析

根据高速公路用地特点和复垦要求 ,结合近几年高速公路用地复垦研究成果和土地复垦技术理论 ,对高速公路用地复垦技术体系进行系统阐述和探讨。将对高速公路复垦技术理论和实践的发展有一定促进作用。     

Forest land use change in the philippines and climate change mitigation

Tropical forests in countries like thePhilippines are important sources and sinks of carbon(C). The paper analyzes the contribution of Philippineforests in climate change mitigation. Since the 1500s,deforestation of 20.9 M ha (10⁶ ha) of Philippineforests contributed 3.7 Pg (10¹⁵ g) of C to theatmosphere of which 2.6 Pg were released this century. At present, forest land uses store 1091 Tg(10¹² g) of C and sequester 30.5 Tg C/yr whilereleasing 11.4 Tg C/yr through deforestation andharvesting. In the year 2015, it is expected that thetotal C storage will decline by 8% (1005 Tg) andtotal rate of C sequestration will increase by 17%(35.5 Tg/yr). This trend is due to the decline innatural forest area accompanied by an increase intree plantation area. We have shown that uncertaintyin national C estimates still exists because they arereadily affected by the source of biomass and Cdensity data. Philippine forests can act as C sink by:conserving existing C sinks, expanding C stocks, andsubstituting wood products for fossil fuels. Here weanalyze the possible implications of the provisions ofthe Kyoto Protocol to Philippine forests. Finally, wepresent current research and development efforts ontropical forests and climate change in the Philippinesto improve assessments of their role in the nations Cbudgets.     

Economics and Land-Use Change in Prioritizing Private Land Conservation

Abstract:  Incentive-based strategies such as conservation easements and short-term management agreements are popular tools for conserving biodiversity on private lands. Billions of dollars are spent by government and private conservation organizations to support land conservation. Although much of conservation biology focuses on reserve design, these methods are often ineffective at optimizing the protection of biological benefits for conservation programs. Our review of the recent literature on protected-area planning identifies some of the reasons why. We analyzed the site-selection process according to three important components: biological benefits, land costs, and likelihood of land-use change. We compared our benefit-loss-cost targeting approach with more conventional strategies that omit or inadequately address either land costs or likelihood of land-use change. Our proposed strategy aims to minimize the expected loss in biological benefit due to future land-use conversion while considering the full or partial costs of land acquisition. The implicit positive correlation between the likelihood of land-use conversion and cost of land protection means high-vulnerability sites with suitable land quality are typically more expensive than low-vulnerability sites with poor land quality. Therefore, land-use change and land costs need to be addressed jointly to improve spatial targeting strategies for land conservation. This approach can be extended effectively to land trusts and other institutions implementing conservation programs.     

A Case Study of Ecosystem Services in Urban Planning in Finland: Benefits,Rights and Responsibilities

The concept of ecosystem services is entering the agenda of land-use planning and scientists optimistically expect it to inform planners and decision-makers about the benefits that ecosystems provide. While tools and methods have been developed for mapping and valuing ecosystem services, only little attention has been paid to the practical application of the approach or its institutional preconditions and implications. We empirically analysed two urban planning processes for building residential areas in the outskirts of growing population centres in Finland. Our analysis of documents and interviews with planners focused on the benefits provided by ecosystems as well as the associated rights and responsibilities. We found that the concept ‘ecosystem service’ was not used, yet various benefits were identified. The rights of different stakeholders to ecosystem services were not explicitly identified, but many ecosystem services were perceived as public goods and particularly access to recreation was highlighted as an important justification for green areas. The results show that while the ecosystem services approach introduces new insights to land-use planning, it is still not embedded in the current practices or institutions. Operationalizing ecosystem services requires institutional adaptation, case-specific tailoring of methods, and deliberation among practitioners and stakeholders.     

Modelling built-up land take in Europe to 2020: an assessment of the Resource Efficiency Roadmap measure on land

Land taken by artificial surfaces has an impact on the quality of life and ecosystems. To reduce possible negative impacts of land take, the European Commission proposed setting a milestone objective for 2020 in terms of future rates of land take.

This paper describes a methodology to model the impacts of the 2020 land-take milestone proposed in the RERM in the European Union 27 MS. An integrated modelling framework was configured to assess the spatial impact of two land-take scenarios: a ‘Reference’ scenario, which is driven by demographic and economic trends, and a ‘Target 0’ scenario that follows the 2020 land-take milestone proposed in the RERM. We conclude that the implementation of the 2020 land-take milestone, by reducing future land take in Europe, will foster more efficient use of land (less land taken for the same activity levels) and minimise negative impacts on non-artificial land uses.     

Combining land-use planning and tenure security: a tenure responsive land-use planning approach for developing countries

There is tenure insecurity around land ownerships and land rights in most developing countries. There are also many land-use planning projects being implemented in these countries. Often, land-use planning exists in these countries but is not formally linked with tenure security. This study argues that combining them by conducting land-use planning in a way that promotes tenure security presents a new approach. A central premise for the rationale of this intervention is that processes of land-use planning may inadvertently increase tenure security. By way of methodology, it evaluates land-use planning case studies from Africa, Asia and South America. It uses the three case study examples to build a case for making tenure security one of the major planned outcomes of a land-use planning process and provides a detailed framework for operationalising the concept. Its main contribution to the literature is that it introduces the concept of tenure responsive land-use planning.