生活垃圾填埋场建设项目环保验收调查方法研究简

垃圾填埋场建设项目的主要环境问题包括：渗沥液排放、地下水环境污染、大气环境污染、噪声污染、景观变化和环境安全。根据工作经验,建立了包括建设项目基本情况、生态环境影响、社会环境影响、生态环境保护措施四大类调查监测指标为核心的环保验收调查指标体系,提出了文件资料核实、现场勘查、遥感调查、公众意见调查、环境监测和摄影法为主的建设项目竣工环保验收调查技术方法。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液物化深度处理研究

通过Fenton法和结合聚合硫酸铁的混凝作用，实现垃圾渗滤液氧化塘出水COD的深度处理；并利用水泥水化产物的凝胶物质，强化COD去除率。30％H2O2投加量为0．75mL／L、七水硫酸亚铁投加量为1．5g／L、n（H2O2）：n（Fe^2＋）=1．2：1（摩尔比）时，Fenton法对渗滤液COD的去除率可达52％；水灰比为2：1、搅拌24h的水泥水化物将Fenton法的出水pH值从4调至10，该工艺流程总的COD去除率为73．6％，较普通的Ca（OH）2调节法提高9．3％，出水COD可以从进水的1200mg／L降至315mg／L。     

生活垃圾渗滤液处理工艺探讨

分析了国内生活垃圾（以下简称垃圾）渗滤液的特点,探讨了一种比较科学的垃圾渗滤液处理工艺：沉淀-厌氧处理-MBR-纳滤处理,并且分析了各段工艺的原理、特点以及其作用。     

垃圾渗滤液生化出水的脱色研究

分别采用脉冲电解法、混凝沉淀法、芬顿氧化法、高铁酸钾氧化法对垃圾渗滤液生化出水进行处理，考察了处理效果。结果表明：铁电极电解法和芬顿试剂氧化法均能脱除垃圾渗滤液的色度，去除有机物质。铁电极电解对色度的去除率可达98．4％，COD去除率可达84．4％；芬顿试剂氧化对色度的去除率可达99％，COD去除率可达85．8％。两种方法均能使出水达到排放标准。同时比较了各种处理方法的运行成本，在达到同样出水标准的前提下，铁电极电解运行成本远低于芬顿试剂氧化，为3．67元／t水，而芬顿试剂药剂成本为8．67元／t水。     

Ammonium-dependent regulation of aerobic methane-consuming bacteria in landfill cover soil by leachate irrigation

The impacts of landfill leachate irrigation on methane oxidation activities and methane-consuming bacteria populations were studied by incubation of landfill cover soils with leachate and (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution at different ammonium concentrations. The community structures and abundances of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were examined by PCRDGGE and real-time PCR. Compared with the pure (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution, leachate addition was found to have a positive effect on methane oxidation activity. In terms of the irrigation amount, ammonium in leachate was responsible for the actual inhibition of leachate. The extent of inhibitory effect mainly depended on its ammonium concentration. The suppression of the predominant methaneconsuming bacteria, type I MOB, was responsible for the decreased methane oxidation activity by ammonium inhibition. Methaneconsuming bacteria responded diversely in abundance to ammonium. The abundance of type I MOB decreased by fivefold; type II MOB showed stimulation response of fivefold magnification upon the first addition but lessened to be lower than the original level after the second addition; the amount of AOB was stimulated to increase for 20-30 times gradually. Accumulated nitrate from nitrification strengthened the ammonium inhibition on type I and type II MOB, as a result, repetitive irrigation was unfavorable for methane oxidation.     

Diversity of methanotrophs in a simulated modified biocover reactor

A simulated landfill biocover microcosm consisting of a modifying ceramsite material and compost were investigated. Results show that the mixture can improve the material porosity and achieve a stable and highly efficient (100%) methane oxidation over an extended operating period. The diversity of the methanotrophic community in the microcosm was assessed. Type I methanotrophs were enhanced in the microcosm due to the increased air diffusion and distribution, whereas the microbial diversity and population density of type II methanotrophs were not significantly affected. Moreover, the type I methanotrophic community structure significantly varied with the reactor height, whereas that of type II methanotrophic communities did not exhibit a spatial variation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that type I methanotroph-based nested polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) resulted in the detection of eight different populations, most of which are related to Methylobacter sp., whereas that of type II resulted in the detection of nine different populations, most of which are related to Methylocystaceae. Methanotrophic community analysis also indicated that a number of new methanotrophic genera not closely related to any known methanotrophic populations were present.     

某危险废物填埋场地下水污染预测及控制模拟

以某危险废物填埋场为研究对象,在收集其水文地质资料基础上,运用Visual Modflow建立填埋场地下水水流和溶质运移耦合模型,对填埋场防渗层发生渗漏后,渗滤液中Cr6+在地下水中的运移过程以及地面硬化、防渗墙和排水沟3种污染控制措施对污染羽阻隔效果进行模拟预测.结果表明,Cr6+随地下水流方向运移形成污染羽,10 a后污染羽到达水塘边界,运移距离约为1 450 m,但随后10～20 a之间污染羽扩散范围没有明显扩大;地表硬化后,20 a内污染羽未扩散至水塘边界;防渗墙设置到上层含水层底部时,监测井Cr6+浓度高于未设置防渗墙时浓度,设置到下层含水层底部时,Cr6+浓度与设置于上层含水层时监测结果相反;排水沟日排水量达到2 642 m3时能有效控制污染羽扩散,20 a后污染羽尚未污染监测井;地表硬化与排水沟组合控制污染物扩散,效果最佳,同时排水沟日排水量可减少为1 878 m3.因此,当填埋场发生渗漏时,建议采用设置排水沟与周边地表硬化组合的地下水污染控制措施.     

泥炭预处理吸附垃圾渗滤液中的COD

通过对泥炭改性去除水中COD进行了试验研究。探讨了磷酸、硫酸、盐酸、硝酸和氢氧化钠对COD去除效果的影响和吸附机理。结果表明,在酸、碱改性过程中,用5%的硫酸改性的泥炭去除COD的效果最佳,改性泥炭用量为每10 g/100 mL,吸附时间为60 min,pH为10的试验条件下,COD的去除率为68.5%以上,磷酸较硫酸次之,去除率为55%左右,而盐酸和硝酸较差分别为45%和38%,氢氧化钠为40%左右。并对其吸附机理进行了研究,其吸附等温线符合Freundlich型。通过扫描电镜观察泥炭表面的结构,硫酸改性后的泥炭表面结构比较粗糙,比表面积最大,与实验结果相吻合。用原子吸收法对泥炭处理前后的水样进行比较,表明泥炭对重金属也有很好的去除率。本研究为泥炭利用提供了可借鉴的思路。     

COD组分分析的实验条件及结果可靠性分析

本研究尝试用SF(OURmax/OURen)代替S(0)/X(0)来作为呼吸法确定COD组分最优实验条件的参数,从而简化测量过程且可实现自动化操作.另外由生长消耗COD与生物量的比值来判断测量结果的可靠性.结果表明,获得可靠的RBCOD组分分析结果的实验条件为:1对于易生物降解含量较高的水质(如由乙酸钠配制的污水),SF在2.8~5.3范围内,生长消耗COD与生物量比值在30%以内;2对于易生物降解和难生物降解物质适中的水质(如典型生活污水),SF应在5.8~6.4左右,生长消耗COD与生物量比值在30%以内;3而对于含有大量难生物降解物质的工业废水(垃圾渗滤液),SF在15以下,且生长消耗COD与生物量的比值在40%以内.由此可见,采用呼吸法确定COD组分,其最优条件SF范围随碳源的复杂程度的上升而上升.     

序批式生物反应器填埋场脱氮微生物多样性分析

为探究序批式生物反应器填埋场脱氮过程中的微生物作用机制,本研究采用建立脱氮功能基因(amoA、nosZ)克隆文库及PCR-RFLP技术对序批式生物反应器填埋场垃圾稳定化后期的主要脱氮功能微生物多样性进行分析.结果表明,矿化垃圾反应器中检测到的氨氧化细菌存在高度多样性,大部分为未知类群,且均为不可培养菌或未经分离获得的细菌,经系统发育树分析系统内氨氧化细菌以β-变形菌门中的亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)为主;新鲜垃圾反应器中反硝化细菌种群丰富,主要有β-变形菌纲中的陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)和硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus).Thauera属在好氧条件下具有反硝化特性,Thiobacillus属中的脱氮硫杆菌(Thiobacillus denitrificans)是一种硫自养反硝化菌,可见新鲜垃圾单元稳定化后期以好氧反硝化和自养反硝化的脱氮途径为主.此外文库中检测到的一部分反硝化细菌可能归属于α-变形菌纲的慢生根瘤菌科(Bradyrhizobiaceae).