公路环境评价发展现状及对策初探

“八五”、“九五”期间，中国公路建设事业得到了迅速的发展，与此同时公路建设项目的环境影响评价也得到了相应的发展，初步形成了一套较为完善的环境评价体系，但同时也存在着法规，技术、规范体系比较落后，评价仅局限在环境影响评价层次，人员素质不高等问题，因此需从完善公路环境评价体系，完善公路环境法规及技术规范体系，积极探索新技术与新方法，加强佬培训等方面进一步完善公路环境评价。     

灌溉水库群优化调度的AD模型

随着国民经济的不断发展,工农业用水日益增长,但可供利用的水资源有限,使得供水与需水矛盾加剧。因此,对流域内或流域间的水库进行联合调度和管理,将有限的水资源统筹安排、挖掘潜力、充分发挥现有工程的效益、提高供水的保证程度即对水库实施优化调度很有现实意义。本文应用系统分析方法,建立了灌溉水库群优化调度的聚合分解(AD)模型,以保证在系统整体效益最优条件下得出各库的最佳运行策略,从而使水库的运行管理建立在科学的基础之上。     

海岸带环境综合管理问题探讨

目前,中国海岸带环境管理中存在的法律、组织协调和运行机制等现有主要问题;福建省海岸带环境管理中存在的主要问题,提出了调整海洋环境功能区划、建立海洋污染事故快速反应体系与应急联动处置机制、加快城市排海污水处理能力的规划与建设、规范海水养殖功能区的管理、加强污染物排海总量控制技术与政策研究、实施海湾区域开发规划环境影响评价、实施海陆一体化的海岸带环境综合管理等福建省海岸带环境综合管理的调控措施.     

Framing the Long-Term <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Situ</Emphasis> Liability Issue for Geologic Carbon Storage in the United States

This paper examines how legal standards of liability may apply to geologic carbon storage. The liability regime governing geologic carbon storage will shape the technology's cost-effectiveness and overall attractiveness. We classify potential sources of liability into operational, in situ, and climate liability. As a first step, we explore in situ liability in the United States. After summarizing legal standards of liability including negligence, breach of implied warranty, strict liability, and product liability, we discuss how liability may be addressed at the level of the federal government, state government, industry, and the firm. Finally, we address the implications of judicial treatment of liability for carbon storage, including the apportionment of liability and the adequacy of current regulations.     

Component regulation in novel La-Co-O-C composite catalyst for boosted redox reactions and enhanced thermal stability in methane combustion

A novel La-Co-O-C (LC-C) composites were prepared via a facile co-hydrothermal route with oxides and glycerol and further optimized for methane catalytic activity and thermal stability via component regulation. It was demonstrated that Co₃O₄ phase was the main component in regulation. The combined results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed desorption of oxygen (O₂-TPD), temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia/carbon dioxide (NH₃/CO₂-TPD) revealed that component regulation led to more oxygen vacancies and exposure of surface Co²⁺, lower surface basicity and optimized acidity, which were beneficial for adsorption of active oxygen species and activation of methane molecules, resulting in the excellent catalytic oxidation performance. Especially, the (3.5)LC-C (3.5 is Co-to-La molar ratio) showed the optimum activity and the T₅₀ and T₉₀ (the temperature at which the CH₄ conversion rate was 50% and 90%, respectively) were 318 and 367°C, respectively. Using theoretical calculations and in situ diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy characterization, it was also found that the catalytic mechanism changes from the “Rideal-Eley” mechanism to the “Two-term” mechanism depending on the temperature windows in which the reaction takes place. Besides, the use of the “Flynn-Wall-Ozawa” model in thermoanalytical kinetics revealed that component regulation simultaneously optimized the decomposition activation energy, further expanding the application scope of carbon-containing composites.     

国内环境民间组织合法性初探

环境保护领域的"政府失灵"和"市场失灵"要求社会调整机制的引入.社会调整机制以市民社会理论和实践为基础,市民社会主要由保护公民权利和公民政治参与的民间组织构成.环境民间组织作为一类组织生存下去的首要问题是其合法性.本文从政治和法律两个方面,论述了国内环境民间组织的合法性及其不足,并对克服其合法性危机进行了有益思考,以期国内环境民间组织健康发展,弥补市场调整机制与政府调整机制在环境保护方面的不足.     

西南地区水资源及其评价

西南是我国水资源最丰富的地区,但供需矛盾十分突出:旱灾频繁不少城市供水不足中小河流污染较重径流式电站出力显著下降内河航运不断萎缩。分析其原因,与水资源的特点和演变规律分不开。① 来水与用水不协调:坝区地多水少、山区水多地少城市和工业集中区水量偏小、偏僻地区来水偏大用水季节来水少、非用水季节来水多岩溶分布广泛,水资源利用困难。② 枯季径流不断减少:西南水资源70％以上分布在雨季。旱季水很少,且在不断下降。如不改变径流的分配方式,用水危机将会到来。③ 水质不断恶化:西南水质是好的。随着城市化的发展,农药化肥的大量使用,水质变差。重视保护、防止污染是重要的战略措施。④ 水资源的开发必须因地制宜,重视蓄水和跨流域调水的作用。     

干旱地区森林对流域径流的影响

森林对流域径流的影响包括森林对流域径流形成机制的影响、森林对流域径流量的调节以及森林对流域径流水质的影响3个方面。论文根据作者在黄土高原和北京土石山区多年研究的结果，并结合国内同行在森林水文方面的研究成果，就干旱地区森林对流域年总径流量、洪峰流量、枯水径流以及径流水质等方面的影响作了概括。结果表明，在干旱地区随着森林植被覆盖率的增加，流域年总径流量减少；森林植被可以大幅度地减小小流域的暴雨洪峰流量；森林植被覆盖率越高，枯水径流量随之增加；森林可以在很大程度上改善流域径流水质。根据干旱地区森林植被可以减少流域年径流总量的研究结果，初步估算目前我国干旱地区林业生态工程建设（包括天然林）的生态用水量为160亿m3左右。由于森林植被对流域径流影响的复杂性和尺度依赖性，森林在区域（或大流域）尺度的水文功能评价仍有待于进一步深入研究。     

哑铃湾网箱养殖水体中N、P的形态特征及其季节变化调控机制

2002年4月～2003年1月四个季度,对哑铃湾典型网箱养殖区N、P几种形态含量进行了实地调查和分析。结果表明,在该养殖区,N、P的存在形态都以溶解态为主,各种形态的季节变化都受网箱养殖活动和浮游植物的生长状况综合调控;在该海域,从N/P值的角度来看,P是比较缺乏的,但是从浮游植物可利用的角度来看,无机磷却相对过剩。     

BENEFITS FROM MANAGING FARM PRODUCED NUTRIENTS1

Manures and fertilizers are applied to agricultural lands in excess of recommended amounts, resulting in widespread pollution of surface and ground water and contributing a substantial source of greenhouse gases associated with global warming. By developing policies that exploit the value of farm produced nutrients, input costs can be minimized. Better accounting for or crediting of farm produced nutrients is leading to economically beneficial conservation of fertilizer. In addition, hog producers who own enough land may benefit from properly managing manure nutrients. Poultry litter is valuable as fertilizer and can be marketed by independent dealers to farmers in nutrient deficit areas, with very modest assistance from the government. Dairy producers may modify their past income support programs to finance central compost facilities. Although nutrient problems were neglected in the past, recent Federal initiatives and joint initiatives with states exploit many of these and other opportunities to avoid excessive application of nutrients to the land.