碳：商品、金融工具、还是货币？——欧盟建议将排放权现货纳入金融工具监管体系的思考

去年年底,欧盟公布的一系列有关金融监管修订的提案引起了碳市场各方的广泛关注和热烈讨论。其中,新制定的《反市场操作指令》（MAD）,     

国外碳市场机制设计解读

碳交易不仅能以市场的方式促进经济结构的调整,而且将改善国民收入与民生。在碳交易设计阶段,澳大利亚即准备将碳市场创造收入的大部分用于个人所得税体系的调整,而且将主要关注中低收入群体。这将对国家的收入分配和生产力提高产生积极作用。     

生物流化床短程硝化的快速启动及影响因素研究

采用内循环生物流化床反应器处理模拟高浓度氨氮废水,以确定其对处理高浓度氨氮废水的可行性,同时对试验条件进行了优化。结果研究表明:控制温度为(31±1)℃,利用反应器自身流化所携带溶解的空气,反应器内DO值可维持在1.5~2.5 mg/L,调节pH为8.0~8.5。经过42 d的污泥驯化适应时期,进水氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度由50 mg/L提高到300 mg/L。由于流化床采用填料载体微生物膜与活性污泥双重作用,同时载体呈流化状态,接触均匀,有巨大的比表面积,可以使床内保持高浓度的生物量,从而达到高效快速的传质效果。在HRT由开始的16 h缩短到8 h的条件下,氨氮(NH4+-N)的去除率达到90%以上,亚硝氮(NO2--N)的积累率达到75%。且在以后30 d的稳定运行阶段,氨氮(NH4+-N)去除率和亚硝氮(NO2--N)积累率均保持稳定。同时反应器最后出水水质澄清,无需二沉池及污泥处理。     

企业低碳发展与低碳认证

低碳发展已经成为未来企业发展的趋势。“加强碳管理,量化碳排放”是企业低碳发展的核心内容。企业的低碳发展之路,是从企业低碳战略的制定,到企业低碳发展的改进和完善,最终达成企业低碳实务。企业的低碳发展始终都离不开低碳认证的保驾护航,低碳认证可以帮助企业在低碳发展的道路上正视碳挑战、化解碳压力、迎接碳机遇,从而提升企业的竞争力、发展力和创造力。     

Fractionation of residual Al in natural water treatment from reservoir with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC): Effect of OH/Al, Si/Al molar ratios and initial pH

An aluminum fractionation study was conducted for a surface reservoir water treatment to understand the performance of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) in terms of the residual Al fractions as a function of initial pH. The coagulation performance expressed as turbidity and organic matter removal was established as supporting data. Some extra data were evaluated in terms of the residual Al ratio of the composite PASiC coagulant. The main residual Al sources were the Al fractions derived from the use of PASiC. The turbidity and organic matter removal ability was optimal at initial pH 6.00-7.00, while the concentrations of various residual Al species and the residual Al ratio of PASiC were minimal at an initial pH range of 7.00-8.00. Under the conditions of OH/Al molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.05, PASiC had superior coagulation performance and comparatively low residual Al concentrations. The Al fraction in the composite PASiC coagulant seldom remained under such conditions. Experimental data also indicated that the suspended (filterable) Al fraction was the dominant species, and organic-bound or organo-Al complex Al was considered to be the major species of dissolved Al in water treated by PASiC coagulation. Additionally, the dissolved inorganic monomeric Al species dominated the dissolved monomeric Al fraction.     

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.     

活性污泥中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性测定影响因素

研究以污水生物处理中的活性污泥为对象,采用氮蓝四唑光还原法测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,从样品制备和保存方面探讨了是否添加溶菌酶液、细胞破碎时间、酶液保存时间与保存温度等因素对SOD活性测定的影响。研究表明,溶菌酶液的加入提高了细胞破碎效果;细胞破碎的条件为99次(工作3 s,停3 s),时间为40 min时破碎效果最好;酶液保存时间在4 h内最佳;-20℃保存比4℃保存对酶活性影响小。最佳检测条件为:取样量为1 mL时,反应温度为30℃,反应时间为20 min时,SOD酶活性最大。     

华南沿海某大气背景点黑碳气溶胶污染特征

黑碳气溶胶(BC)因其显著的气候效应和对人类健康的危害而成为研究的热点。研究背景点位BC的浓度水平和来源特征有助于掌握BC在区域尺度上的辐射强迫特性和环境影响。2009年秋季在华南沿海某区域大气背景点进行了为期约40 d的BC在线观测。观测期间BC的平均浓度为(2.34±1.33)μg/m3,与其它区域背景点相比处于较高水平。利用中尺度天气研究和预报系统WRF模拟的高分辨率三维气象场数据驱动HYSPLIT-4反向轨迹模式,模拟观测期间每小时的气团轨迹,将所有轨迹分为来源特征明显的东北沿海、北方内陆、香港方向和东南海面方向四类。当受到东北沿海来源气团影响时,BC的浓度为平均水平的1.4倍,BC和CO有较好的线性相关关系,而其它三类气团影响时的BC浓度都低于平均浓度,且BC和CO的相关关系很差,说明来自东北沿海地区的较近距离区域传输是影响该背景点大气BC的主要源区。     

藻类对有机污染物生物吸附的研究进展

随着工业的迅猛发展,越来越多的有毒有机污染物被排放到环境中,进而引起一系列环境问题。大量研究表明,生物吸附已经成为去除有毒有机污染物的重要方法,而藻类作为一种理想的生物吸附剂,具有良好的吸附和降解有机污染物的能力。概述了藻类对染料、酚类、多环芳烃三种具有代表性的有毒有机污染物的生物吸附。     

微生物和酶在降解环境有机污染物中的应用

介绍了生物修复有机污染的土壤和水体的研究进展,对微生物和酶处理的技术进行了详细讨论。降解有机物的微生物以白腐真菌为代表,可有效降解多环芳烃;降解有机物的酶以过氧化物酶和水解酶为代表,分别能够降解芳香族化合物和有机农药。