短信息

世界最大的激光聚变装置在美国加州落成5月29日在美国加利福尼亚州北部的利弗莫尔劳伦斯国家实验所举行了世界上最大的激光聚变装置落成典礼。这一装置能产生类似恒星内核的温度和压力,并使美国在无需核试验的情况下保持核威慑力。据利弗莫尔劳伦斯国家实验所发表的新闻公报,这个激光聚变装置     

超滤、三维荧光光谱与高效体积排阻色谱联合表征地表水环境中溶解有机质的性质

超滤、三维荧光光谱以及高效体积排阻色谱3种研究方法的结合可以表征不同类型荧光物质的相对分子质量分布规律,进而揭示它们的来源以及组分差异.用截留相对分子质量为1 000的再生纤维素超滤膜对几种不同类型地表水体中的溶解有机质进行分离后,利用三维荧光光谱以及相对分子质量分布特征谱图表征超滤完成后滞留液中相对分子质量较高的组分和渗透液中相对分子质量较低的组分中溶解有机质的性质.结果发现,湖北神农架大九湖沼泽水中原先被强腐殖酸荧光吸收峰E(Ex/Em: 360 nm/462 nm)掩盖的类富里酸荧光吸收峰A(Ex/Em: 260 nm/450 nm)和C(Ex/Em: 320 nm/439 nm)以及类蛋白荧光吸收峰B(Ex/Em: 275 nm/312 nm)和D(Ex/Em: 220 nm/308 nm)因其相对分子质量较小而被分离进入渗透液中,可被荧光检测;贵州红枫湖南湖内源产生的类蛋白荧光吸收峰B(Ex/Em: 280 nm/334 nm)和D(Ex/Em: 225 nm/328 nm)在原水中含量太低,即使采用灵敏度高的荧光检测手段也很难从原水中直接鉴别出来,但超滤后却因其相对分子质量大而被保存在超滤滞留液中.此外,研究还发现不同来源的类富里酸荧光物质和类蛋白荧光物质其相对分子质量大小也存在差异.如红枫湖南湖内源产生的类蛋白荧光物质具有较大的相对分子质量分布,被保存在超滤滞留液中;而贵州阿哈湖外源输入的类蛋白荧光物质相对分子质量则较小,易通过超滤膜进入渗透液中.因此, 3种研究方法的联合可以为研究地表水体中溶解有机质的性质提供方便直接的定性信息.     

组合人工湿地对城镇污水处理厂尾水中有机物的去除特征研究

采用物理分级和三维荧光光谱法,研究了组合人工湿地对城镇污水处理厂尾水中不同形态有机物的去除特征.结果表明,组合人工湿地对污水处理厂尾水具有较好的深度处理效果,出水水质基本可以达到国家地表水环境质量标准(GB38382-2002)Ⅲ或Ⅳ类水标准.组合人工湿地处理系统对尾水中CODCr和BOD5总体去除率分别达到35.2%和44.3%,对尾水中总有机碳(TOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)的平均去除率分别为46.9%、45.9%、48.3%.组合人工湿地系统不同单元对尾水中有机物的去除贡献率存在差异,其中,潜流湿地单元对尾水中CODCr和BOD5及其不同组分有机碳的去除效率较高.试验期间,由于藻类滋生,表流湿地单元出水中有机物含量波动较大,去除效果明显降低,藻类被打捞后,出水水质明显改善.三维荧光光谱分析结果显示,各个处理单元取样点的水样三维荧光光谱均出现4个明显的荧光峰.人工湿地各单元出水溶解性有机质(DOM)中,类蛋白和类腐殖酸物质含量较高,类富里酸物质含量较低.人工湿地对类蛋白和类腐殖酸物质有较强的去除作用.     

基于光谱混合分析和反照率-植被盖度特征空间的土地荒漠化遥感评价

采用线性光谱混合分析模型对Landsat TM遥感影像进行混合像元分解,获取植被、裸土和水体组分的相对丰度分布;在反演地表反照率的基础上,构建了基于Albedo-Vegetation特征空间的土地荒漠化遥感监测模型;以黑河中游部分区域为例,进行了实证研究,并利用实地调查数据进行精度验证。结果表明:此方法充分利用了多维遥感信息,反映了荒漠化土地地表覆盖、水热组合及其变化,具有明确的生物物理意义,而且指标简单、易于获取,精度较高,有利于荒漠化的定量分析与监测。     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

春季太湖水体上行辐亮度漫衰减系数的特征研究

基于太湖2010年4月29日～5月2日28个采样点上行辐亮度数据和水质参数数据,分析了春季太湖水体上行辐亮度漫衰减系数的光谱特征,结果表明:春季太湖水体上行辐亮度漫衰减系数随波长的增加基本呈指数衰减趋势;受水体成分等因素影响,上行辐亮度平均漫衰减系数的空间分布不均,衰减高值区在西南部湖区;吸收、散射作用是造成上行辐亮度衰减的主要因素,总悬浮物浓度对上行辐亮度漫衰减系数的影响显著.     

ε-聚赖氨酸生产废菌体对六价铬吸附影响的研究

以ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)发酵生产废菌体小白链霉菌(Streptomyces albulus)PD-1为研究对象,探讨了其对吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响.实验过程中,对预处理方式、pH、初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度、吸附时间和温度等因素进行了考察.结果表明,HCl预处理的菌体具有较好的吸附能力,Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附增加率达到22.7%,最佳pH为2.0左右,温度对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附影响不大.实验过程中分别采取Langmuir和Freundlich 2种吸附等温模型对实验数据进行了拟合,得到2个模型的线性相关系数R2分别为0.979 4和0.979 8,这表明吸附过程中既存在单层吸附同时也存在复杂的多层吸附,小白链霉菌对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大理论吸附量为23.92mg.g-1.通过傅里叶变换红外光谱分析,酰胺基和羟基等基团在吸附过程中起主要作用.     

流动注射氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法同时测定海水养殖基地环境介质中As和Hg

应用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱技术,同时测定海水养殖基地环境介质底泥、海水和水产品中微量As和Hg。研究了载流、KBH4浓度对As和Hg测定的影响。在最佳实验操作条件下,As和Hg检出限分别为0.028 3μg/L、0.017 4μg/L。底泥中As和Hg的加标回收率分别为89.7%～112.6%和91.7%～110.8%,相对标准偏差分别为2.7%～5.3%和2.2%～4.3%;海水中As和Hg的加标回收率分别为90.2%～101.8%和90.0%～108.8%,相对标准偏差分别为3.1%～5.6%和2.1%～4.5%;水产品中As和Hg的加标回收率分别为89.6%～102.0%和89.2.0%～108.0%,相对标准偏差分别为2.6%～4.9%和1.7%～4.4%。     

基于地基遥感数据的太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱变化规律研究

利用多光谱旋转遮蔽影带辐射计(Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer,MFRSR)测定了我国长江三角洲中部的太湖地区2008年5月至2009年4月期间415 nm、500 nm、615 nm、673 nm、870 nm波段的全天空总辐射、散射辐射和直接辐射通量密度,结合球形粒子的Mie散射理论反演了该地区大气气溶胶粒子谱,并对结果进行了分析.结果表明:受人为活动的影响,该地区工作日和非工作日气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱的日变化存在明显的差异,工作日上午6:00-9:00时间内,细粒子的生成远大于非工作日这一期间细粒子的生成.太湖地区气溶胶光学厚度常年较高,500 nm波段的年平均值为0.8038±0.7924,夏季最大(0.9359±0.7389),冬季最小(0.6209±0.5500);气溶胶粒子谱表现出双峰分布,一种是位于半径0.15 μm附近的细模态,另一种是半径3μm左右的粗模态,且夏季和秋季细粒子较多,而其他季节粗粒子较多.气溶胶光学厚度以及气溶胶粒子谱分布的季节变化受到气象条件的显著影响.降水过程对大气气溶胶具有明显的冲刷作用,并且降水后大气气溶胶的增加与气溶胶粒子大小有关,积聚态粒子浓度的增加比粗模态粒子的增加更快.     

Fe2O3 particles as superior catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

Fe203 particle catalysts were experimentally studied in the low temperature selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NO with NH3. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen concentration, [NH3]/[NO] molar ratio and residence time on SCR activity were studied. It was found that Fe203 catalysts had high activity for the SCR of NO with NH3 in a broad temperature range of 150-270℃, and more than 95% NO conversion was obtained at 180℃ when the molar ratio [NH3]/[NO] = 1, the residence time was 0.48 seconds and 02 volume fraction was 3%. In addition, the effect of SO2 on SCR catalytic activity was also investigated at the temperature of 180℃. The results showed that deactivation of the Fe2O3 particles occurred due to the presence of SO2 and the NO conversion decreased from 99.2% to 58% in 240 min, since SO2 gradually decreased the catalytic activity of the catalysts. In addition, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the fresh and deactivated Fe2O3 catalysts. The results showed that the deactivation caused by SO2 was due to the formation of metal sulfates and ammonium sulfates on the catalyst surface during the de-NO reaction, which could cause pore plugging and result in suppression of the catalytic activity.