固定源排污许可合规制度研究

固定源合规制度是确保固定源企业将排污许可证中载明的要求得以实施的具体措施和规定,也是将排污许可制度打造为固定源环境管理核心制度的重要环节。本文基于美国固定源合规监管经验和当前国内排污许可实施基础,构建了固定源排污许可合规管理制度。所构建的制度基于整体性治理理论,以固定源企业需提交的排污许可合规报告为主要合规监管环节,将政府部门对于固定源企业的合规监管分为以合规报告为主的书面核查和企业现场核查两个环节,并在整个合规监管过程中贯彻数据管理,设计了企业合规报告、政府核查报告、核查类型及任务、核查评估方法、合规信息公开及违规处罚方式等关键内容,以节省对于固定源企业污染排放合规监管过程的环境执法资源和提升监管效率。     

The consequences of land use change on nutrient exports: a regional scale assessment in south-west Victoria, Australia

Estimation of nutrient load production based on multi-temporal remotely sensed land use data for the Glenelg-Hopkins region in south-west Victoria, Australia, is discussed. Changes in land use were mapped using archived Landsat data and computerised classification techniques. Land use change has been rapid in recent history with 16% of the region transformed in the last 22 years. Total nitrogen and phosphorus loads were estimated using an export coefficient model. The analysis demonstrates an increase in modelled nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from 1980 to 2002. Whilst such increases were suspected from past anecdotal and ad-hoc evidence, our modelling estimated the magnitude of such increases and thus demonstrated the enormous potential of using remote sensing and GIS for monitoring regional scale environmental processes.     

浅议污染源水质监测的质量保证

本文从污染源调查、监测方案、布点和采样、样品保存和前处理、监测分析、数据处理和监测报告等方面,讨论污染源水质监测的质量保证。强调质量保证体系应当贯穿于污染源水质监测的全过程。污染源水质监测过程始终都应有质量保证措施,才能获得准确可靠的测定结果。     

STATE WATER QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM IN ARIZONA1

ABSTRACT: Arizona's water pollution control program is based on authorties of Arizona Revised Statutes and Public Law 92–500, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. The primary areas of this program are monitoring, facility inspections, plan review, planning, discharge permits and grants for the construction of publicly-owned waste water treatment facilities. The discharge permit program deals with control of point-source discharges and is administered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The planning and construction grants programs are administered by the State Water Quality Control Council and are implemented by the Bureau of Water Quality Control, which serves as staff to the Council. There are several challenges that face the State in this program. First is the adaptation of the “eastern law” to deal with Arizona's water quality problems. Second is to address problems caused by a long history of “laissez-faire” environmental quality management. Third is a mutual cooperation and coordination among the many entities involved in water resources management. Areas of particular interest in the State's program is the process setting water quality standards and the involvement of people of diversified backgrounds in the field of areawide planning under Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, which is primarily concerned with non-point sources of water pollution.     

水泥行业SO2和NOX排放总量核算方法选取

就水泥企业SO₂和NO_X排放总量核算方法的选取问题,以3家不同类型水泥企业为例,以监测数据法核算结果为依据,对排污系数法和物料衡算法的核算结果进行统计学描述和差异性检验。结果表明:排污系数法能基本反映各类企业SO₂、NO_X实际排放状况;物料衡算法不适合各类企业NO_χ的总量核算;对含熟料生产线的水泥企业,物料衡算法核算得出的SO₂排放量偏小,实际工作中不建议采用;对粉磨站水泥企业,物料衡算法与排污系数法均能反映实际SO₂排放情况,建议以"取大值"原则选取。     

降水量变化对大气污染物浓度影响分析

系统分析了2001～2010年南通市城区中大气自动监测站和降水监测点位数据,得出:10年间逐年降水量与二氧化硫年均浓度呈现高度线性负相关,其它时空降水量与大气污染物浓度分布中呈现非线性显著性负相关。降水量大污染物浓度就小,反之就大。2006～2010年5年平均降水量1083.49mm,比2001～2005年5年平均降水量多出244.97mm,大气污染指标5年平均浓度下降幅度为:可吸入颗粒物0.013mg/m3、二氧化硫0.009mg/m3、二氧化氮无变化。10年的平均季度降水量夏季最大为467.97mm,对应的夏季大气污染物最小均值为:可吸入颗粒物0.073mg/m3、二氧化硫0.026mg/m3;10年平均季度降水量冬季最小为137.84mm,对应的冬季大气污染物季最大均值为:可吸入颗粒物为0.104mg/m3、二氧化硫0.034mg/m3和二氧化氮0.036mg/m3。     

基于RS和GIS的农业土地利用污染分析

农业已被确认为地表和地下水最主要的非点源污染源,而土地利用方式又是影响非点源污染的关键性因素。讨论了非点源污染与农业土地利用方式之间的关系,利用组件GIS技术,实现非点源污染负荷的定量计算及可视化分析。最后,以上海市松江区作为研究区域,对该区的污染情况进行了分析。结果表明,研究所提出的方法及开发的模块在非点源污染分析中基本上能满足要求,可以为环境建模提供必不可少的参数。     

双怠速法测定LPG汽车尾气中污染物的排放水平

依据双怠速法跟踪监测了广州市LPG改装车辆的排气状况，分析了LPG改装车辆排气状况未达到预期效果的原因，提出需加强汽车专用液化气供给系统的建设与管理，确保车用液化气的质量达到规定要求；进一步筛选应用技术可靠、质量稳定的LPG装置，并制定有关规定；加强对油改气车辆的日常检查与维护保养。     

大气污染物及AQI时空特征分析——以山西省2015年上半年为例

根据2015年上半年山西省11个地级市PM 2.5、PM 10、NO 2、SO2、CO、O 3的日污染浓度监测数据及AQI值,分析其污染特征。结果表明:全省11市PM 2.5、PM 10超标率较高;NO 2、SO 2、CO、O 3超标率则较低;全省PM2.5/PM1 0的比值范围在0.367 7~0.718 9,且PM 2.5和PM 10之间存在较显著的线性关系;PM 2.5、PM 10、NO 2、SO 2、CO以及AQI监测值在1~6月份逐渐递减,O3则呈总体上升趋势;AQI达标天数比例范围在61.88%~85.08%,平均比例为71.42%,平均超标天数比例为38.58%,其中重度及以上污染天数比例为1.50%。     

Transport and dynamics of toxic pollutants in the natural environment and their effect on human health: research gaps and challenge

The source–pathway–receptor (SPR) approach to human exposure and risk assessment contains considerable uncertainty when using the refined modelling approaches to pollutant transport and dispersal, not least in how compounds of concern might be prioritised, proxy or indicator substances identified and the basic environmental and toxicological data collected. The impact of external environmental variables, urban systems and lifestyle is still poorly understood. This determines exposure of individuals and there are a number of methods being developed to provide more reliable spatial assessments. Within the human body, the dynamics of pollutants and effects on target organs from diffuse, transient sources of exposure sets ambitious challenges for traditional risk assessment approaches. Considerable potential exists in the application of, e.g. physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. The reduction in uncertainties associated with the effects of contaminants on humans, transport and dynamics influencing exposure, implications of adult versus child exposure and lifestyle and the development of realistic toxicological and exposure data are all highlighted as urgent research needs. The potential to integrate environmental with toxicological models provides the next phase of research opportunity and should be used to drive empirical and model assessments.