太阳光下TiO2/SiO2气凝胶复合光催化剂光催化降解2,4-二硝基酚

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法(so1-ge1)和常压干燥法制备SiO2气凝胶,在此基础上,将硅气凝胶掺杂进入TiO2溶胶中制备出TiO2/SiO2气凝胶复合光催化剂.利用xRD、TEM和FI-IR等技术对其晶型、形貌和结构进行表征,研究了太阳光下TiO2/SiO2气凝胶复合光催化荆对2,4-二硝基苯...     

Statistical optimization of adsorption processes for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches

The adsorption capacity of activated carbon produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches through removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution was carried out in the laboratory. The activated carbon was produced by thermal activation of activation time with 30 min at 800℃. The adsorption process conditions were determined with the statistical optimization followed by central composite design. A developed polynomial model for operating conditions of adsorption process indicated that the optimum conditions for maximum adsorption of phenolic compound were： agitation rate of 100 r/min, contact time of 8 h, initial adsorbate concentration of 250 mg/L and pH 4. Adsorption isotherms were conducted to evaluate biosorption process. Langmuir isotherm was more favorable （R^2=0.93） for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by the activated carbon rather than Freundlich isotherm （R^2=0.88）.     

爆炸物污染土壤中2，4-DNT和2，6-DNT的生物降解中试研究

设计采用包括土壤生物降解、反硝化以及循环混合系统构成的中试流程,模拟原位生物修复工艺,依靠污染土壤自身的生物降解过程去除2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT) 和2,6-二硝基甲苯(2,6-DNT).结果表明,即使在温度较低的条件下（8～15℃）,2,4-DNT 和2,6-DNT仍可以被完全去除.两者虽然属于同分异构体,但前者的生物降解速率大大高于后者.系统可以维持自身的碱度平衡和保证无机营养供应,无需调节或补充;反硝化能够正常进行,从而防止亚硝酸根在系统内积累抑制DNT生物降解,但要彻底去除亚硝酸根及硝酸根,需要外加碳源.     

不同系统pJP4质粒介导基因强化降解2,4-D效应研究

以携带pJP4质粒的基因工程菌Pseudomonas putida SM1443∷gfp2x(pJP4∷dsRed)为供体菌,考察了pJP4质粒在4种纯菌中的转移效应;并分别针对活性污泥、生物膜、颗粒污泥和河流沉积物系统,通过实验室小试实验考察了该基因工程菌对不同系统目标污染物2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）的强化降解效应.结果表明,该基因工程菌中的pJP4质粒能够以广泛的微生物细胞为受体菌发生水平转移;向活性污泥、生物膜、颗粒污泥和河流沉积物系统加入一定量的基因工程菌,对2,4-D的降解都能够产生明显的促进作用.对于活性污泥系统（2,4-D初始浓度为450 mg/L）,强化与对照系统反应143.5　h时2,4-D去除率分别为66％和54％;对于生物膜系统（2,4-D初始浓度为180　mg/L）,强化与对照系统在反应113　h时对其去除率分别为99％和61％;对于颗粒污泥系统（2,4-D初始浓度为160　mg/L）,强化系统2,4-D在62　h接近完全去除,而对照系统66　h去除率仅为26％;对于沉积物系统（2,4-D初始浓度为2　mg/L）,强化与对照系统344　h去除率分别为93％和69％.激光共聚集扫描显微（CLSM）分析揭示并证实了不同基因强化系统接合子的形成与存在.     

电-Fenton氧化降解2,4-二氯酚

以气体扩散电极为阴极,以Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅-IrO₂为阳极,构建了电-Fenton氧化系统降解水中2,4-DCP(2,4-二氯酚),在考察气体扩散阴极产生H₂O₂适宜电位基础上,研究了初始 c (Fe2+)和电化学反应时间对2,4-DCP降解的影响以及反应过程中 c (H₂O₂)、 c (Fe2+)和ρ(Cl-)的变化. 结果表明:该方法联合了电-Fenton氧化和钛基氧化物阳极氧化2种作用共同降解2,4-DCP,在阴极电位为-0.7 V、 c (Fe2+)为0.15 mmol/L、反应60 min时,2,4-DCP去除率为89.1%;反应120 min时,2,4-DCP的吸收特征峰完全消失,去除率达到100%;反应240 min时,ρ(TOC)降至9.15 mg/L,去除率达79.4%. 反应体系中ρ(H₂O₂)与ρ(Fe2+)呈负相关. 2,4-DCP被降解后,其苯环上的氯主要以Cl-的形式存在于溶液中.      

Evidences showing 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron-induced DNA damage in cyanobacteria and detection by PCR

The impact of 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron in inducing DNA damage in three species of cyanobacteria-Anabaena fertilissima, Aulosira fertilissima, and Westiellopsis prolifica as evidenced by PCR-based assays: RAPD and 16S rRNA amplification was examined. Exposure of genomic DNA (in vitro) to pencycuron for 4 days did not produce severe damage in DNA fragments of all three cyanobacterial species whereas exposure to 2,4-D ethyl ester markedly inhibited the template activity of genomic DNA compared to untreated cultures of A. fertilissima. In A. fertilissima a single band of approximately 1000?bp was observed even after 16 days of exposure to 60?ppm pencycuron which suggests that certain segments of DNA are resistant to pencycuron DNA damaging effects. However, a significant effect was observed in the case of W. prolifica for 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron where complete disappearance of fragments was not recorded even after 16 days of incubation and interestingly some new DNA bands were induced. Similar to the effects with RAPD profile, amplification of rRNA was significantly inhibited following exposure of genomic DNA to 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron. Our findings clearly demonstrate that pesticide concentrations affected cyanobacterial DNA and lethality of these microbes might be due to irreversible DNA damage. Thus, it is postulated that PCR assays may be conveniently used for screening DNA damage produced by 2,4-D ethyl ester and pencycuron in all three cyanobacteria examined in this study.     

低质量浓度除草剂2，4滴丁酯处理对土壤动物群落结构的影响

土壤动物是土壤污染的敏感指示生物,对土壤环境变化表现出比较灵敏的反映,为了解低质量浓度除草剂对土壤生态系统的影响,进一步推动除草剂使用的安全性评价研究,采用除草剂2,4滴丁酯对土壤动物群落进行室内染毒模拟试验,参照农田施用常规参考质量浓度,设置4个质量浓度梯度和一个不喷施除草剂的对照质量浓度,质量浓度最高限于参考喷施质量浓度的3~4倍,一次染毒后分别于12、24、48和72 h后对土壤动物进行分离并对群落结构特征进行分析。试验共获得土壤动物18655个,隶属于2门,4纲,12目,群落结构分析结果表明低质量浓度2,4滴丁酯导致土壤动物个体数和类群数有所减少,但减少的程度并不大。个体数量变化与质量浓度增高之间呈现较明显负相关（r=-0.856,P〈0.05）,种类数变化与质量浓度之间不具有明显的相关性,土壤动物种类数的减少主要取决于稀有类群和极稀有类群,数量的变化则主要是优势类群和常见类群的增减。2,4滴丁酯的施加使得土壤动物群落多样性指数和优势度指数降低,均匀度指数增高。土壤动物个体数量和类群数量变化与染毒后经历的时间之间并未表现出明显的规律性,染毒后不同时间土壤动物优势度指数相差较大,而多样性指数和均匀度指数在不同历时时间段内相差不大。综合各分析结果能够看出,低质量浓度2,4滴丁酯处理会对土壤动物群落造成一定影响,但影响程度并不大。     

2,4-二氯苯酚诱导鲫鱼肝脏自由基的产生和脂质过氧化

以α-苯基-N-叔丁基甲亚胺-N-氧化物(α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone,PBN)为自旋捕获剂,利用电子顺磁共振(electronparamagnetic resonance,EPR)研究了2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP)腹腔注射24h后,引起鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)幼体肝脏内自由基含量变化.结果表明,不同剂量2,4-DCP(0.025,0.05,0.5,5,25 mg/kg)腹腔注射24h后可引起鲫鱼肝脏内自由基信号明显增强,与对照组相比具有显著性差异(p＜0.05).自由基的产生与2,4-DCP注射剂量呈较好的剂量-效应关系,回归方程为:y=1189ln(x)+9220,r²=0.9856.EPR波谱的3组双重峰分裂谱线为典型的PBN捕获羟自由基形成PBN/'OH的EPR波谱,经谱图解析表明,PBN捕获自由基形成加合物的超精细分裂常数aN=13.7 Gauss,aH=1.8Gauss,g因子为2.0058.与文献报道的PBN捕获羟自由基的特征参数一致.研究发现,2,4-DCP腹腔注射引起鲫鱼肝脏丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量明显增加,与对照组相比有显著性差异(p＜0.05),并对2,4-DCP诱导鲫鱼肝脏自由基的产生与脂质过氧化的机理进行了探讨.     

Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 4-chloro-2-metylphenoxyacetic acid onto activated carbons derived from various lignocellulosic materials

Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-metylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) from aqueous solution onto activated carbons derived from various lignocellulosic materials including willow, miscanthus, flax, and hemp shives was investigated. The adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using two kinetic models: the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order equations. The adsorption kinetics of both herbicides was better represented by the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption isotherms of 2,4-D and MCPA on the activated carbons were analyzed using the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The equilibrium data followed the Langmuir isotherm. The effect of pH on the adsorption was also studied. The results showed that the activated carbons prepared from the lignocellulosic materials are efficient adsorbents for the removal of 2,4-D and MCPA from aqueous solutions.     

环境空气中13种醛酮类化合物与2,4-二硝基苯肼采样管反应效率研究

应用13种醛酮类气体标准物质绘制工作曲线,采用超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(DAD)测定环境空气中13种醛酮类化合物的含量。使用13种醛酮类气体标准物质作为采样对象模拟大气采样,对2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)采样管反应时间、气体环境温度、采样流量等条件进行优化。以气体标准物质为样本,采样体积设定为5 L,在采样温度为25℃、采样流量为0.5 L/min的条件下进行样品采集。采集完毕后,将采样管密封避光保存150 min,随后进行前处理。实验结果显示,大部分化合物的衍生化反应效率可以达到70%以上。该实验条件下,在25～500 nmol/mol浓度范围内绘制工作曲线,所得曲线线性关系良好,相关系数(r)大于0.995。该工作曲线定量方式适用于环境空气中醛酮类化合物的分析。