Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China

Concentrations, spatial distribution and sources of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and methylnaphthalene were investigated in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China. Total PAH concentrations, excluding perylene, ranged from 107 to 1707 ng/g-dw. Sedimentary PAH concentrations of the Huangpu River were higher than those of the Yangtze Estuary. The concentration of the Suzhou River was close to the average concentration of the Huangpu River. PAHs source analysis suggested that, in the Yangtze Estuary, PAHs at locations far away from cities were mainly from petrogenic sources. At other locations, both petrogenic and pyrogenic inputs were significant. In the Huangpu and Suzhou Rivers, pyrogenic input outweighed other sources. The pyrogenic PAHs in the upper reaches of the Huangpu River were mainly from the incomplete combustion of grass, wood and coal, and those in the middle and lower reaches were from vehicle and vessel exhaust.     

Comparison of receptor models for source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in Beijing, China

Identifying the sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is key to reducing ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Several receptor models have been developed to apportion sources, but an intercomparison of these models had not been performed for VOCs in China. In the present study, we compared VOC sources based on chemical mass balance (CMB), UNMIX, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models. Gasoline-related sources, petrochemical production, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were identified by all three models as the major contributors, with UNMIX and PMF producing quite similar results. The contributions of gasoline-related sources and LPG estimated by the CMB model were higher, and petrochemical emissions were lower than in the UNMIX and PMF results, possibly because the VOC profiles used in the CMB model were for fresh emissions and the profiles extracted from ambient measurements by the two-factor analysis models were "aged".     

浅议工业污染源全面达标试点中的环境监测工作

本文简要介绍了中山市在国家环保总局“十五”环境规划期间做为第一批工业污染源全面达标试点城市,环境监测部门发挥出的重要职能和作用。对工业污染源全面达标验收工作做了全面而客观的总结和评估,为日后开展此项工作的兄弟单位提供了有益的经验和启示。     

Statistical approach for the source identification of boron in leachates from industrial landfills

Boron has been found in high concentrations in leachates from landfills located throughout Japan. However, the source(s) of boron in the leachates, i.e., what kind of waste(s) releases this element into the leachate, has not been clarified. In this study, boron concentrations in leachates from 48 industrial landfills were evaluated, in relation to the categories of waste constituting the landfill in each of the sites, by multiple regression analysis. The multiple regression analyses were carried out using the log-transformed boron concentration as a dependent variable and each of 19 categories of industrial waste (according to the Japanese Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law) as independent variables. Stepwise variable selection was employed in the analyses. Although the significant variable(s) selected varied according to the data sets analyzed (viz., data sets from least controlled landfill sites, from controlled landfill sites, and from both), cinders, slag, and waste plastics emerged as wastes with positive partial regression coefficients that significantly explained the boron levels in the leachates. These results indicated that cinders, slag, and waste plastics were the sources of high concentrations of boron in the leachates. The results of the present exploratory statistical analyses warrant a systematic survey of the boron contents of, and leachability from, cinders, slag, and waste plastics. Received: January 17, 2000 / Accepted: July 24, 2000     

清洁生产、生态工业和循环经济

清洁生产、生态工业和循环经济是当今环保战略的3个主要发展方向,三者有共同之处,又有各自明确的理论、实践和运行方式.笔者在对三者的内涵作了简单介绍之后,着重从理论上探讨环境管理延伸到企业、企业群落和国民经济一切相关领域的必然性和合理性,提出并论述了生态工业与循环经济的前提和本质是清洁生产,从优质资源、生态和环境总量保有量的角度探讨了循环经济对我国国际竞争力的重要性.      

PM2.5 chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995

PM_2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) chemical source profiles applicable to speciated emissions inventories and receptor model source apportionment are reported for geological material, motor vehicle exhaust, residential coal (RCC) and wood combustion (RWC), forest fires, geothermal hot springs; and coal-fired power generation units from northwestern Colorado during 1995. Fuels and combustion conditions are similar to those of other communities of the inland western US. Coal-fired power station profiles differed substantially between different units using similar coals, with the major difference being lack of selenium in emissions from the only unit that was equipped with a dry limestone sulfur dioxide (SO₂) scrubber. SO₂ abundances relative to fine particle mass emissions in power plant emissions were seven to nine times higher than hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) abundances from geothermal springs, and one to two orders of magnitude higher than SO₂ abundances in RCC emissions, implying that the SO₂ abundance is an important marker for primary particle contributions of non-aged coal-fired power station contributions. The sum of organic and elemental carbon ranged from 1% to 10% of fine particle mass in coal-fired power plant emissions, from 5% to 10% in geological material, >50% in forest fire emissions, >60% in RWC emissions, and >95% in RCC and vehicle exhaust emissions. Water-soluble potassium (K⁺) was most abundant in vegetative burning profiles. K⁺/K ratios ranged from 0.1 in geological material profiles to 0.9 in vegetative burning emissions, confirming previous observations that soluble potassium is a good marker for vegetative burning.     

饮用水水源保护区划分问题探讨

阐述了国内外划定饮用水水源保护区的方法和原则,并举例说明了辽宁省水库水源保护区的划分情况以及相关的技术发展趋势、法律程序等。     

Modeling of a cryogenic liquid pool boiling by CFD simulation

A boiling model is developed by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code to calculate the source term of a cryogenic liquid spill. The model includes the effect of the changing ground temperature on the vaporization rate of the cryogenic liquid. Simulations are performed for liquid nitrogen. The model can describe different boiling regimes (film, transition and nucleate). The heat flux calculated for each boiling regimes are compared to the experimental data from literature. The developed numerical model seems to have a good ability to predict the heat flux for the film boiling stage. Model development is still necessary to improve the prediction of the nucleate boiling regime. Overall, the approach shows very promising results to model the complex physical phenomena involved in in the vaporization of cryogenic liquid pool spilled on ground.     

Phosphorus resources,their depletion and conservation,a review

Yearly, about 22 × 10¹² g phosphorus (P) from mined fossil phosphate resources are added to the world economy. The size of remaining fossil phosphate resources is uncertain but practically finite. Thus, fossil P resources may become depleted by ongoing mining. Despite calls for resource conservation, fossil P resources have been depleted at an increasing rate. Geographically, fossil P supply and demand are distributed in an increasingly uneven way, which has geopolitical consequences and may well affect security of supply. Current use of P gives rise to negative environmental impacts due to P losses from the economy and contaminants derived from fossil P resources. There may also be negative impacts on human health. Reducing the demand for fossil phosphorus may reduce environmental burdens and may improve the future security of supply. Technically speaking, there is much scope for the reduction of current demand for fossil P resources. Limiting consumption of P to essential uses, increased efficiency of agricultural use and increased recycling of P may substantially contribute to the reduction of demand for fossil P resources. Recycling of P has to face concerns regarding the efficiency of P recovery, pathogenic organisms and contaminating substances. Much work remains to be done to effectively address those concerns.     

对应分析在大气颗粒物源解析中的应用研究

采用对应分析方法定性研究龙岩市大气颗粒物来源问题。结果表明:龙岩市4个监测点位中龙岩市环境监测站的主要污染源为高岭土矿和土壤风沙尘;龙岩学院与闽西职业技术学院的主要污染源为机动车尾气尘、燃煤尘和土壤风沙尘;龙岩师专的主要污染源为燃煤尘、小煤炉尘、水泥成品、水泥厂除尘器集尘和钢铁厂除尘器集尘。该方法能将R型因子分析和Q型因子分析结合起来,综合体现样品和元素之间的关系,为大气颗粒物源解析提供了一种新的途径。