Water immersion and flotation: From stress experiment to stress treatment

Evolving from the water immersion sensory deprivation techniques of the 1960s, tank flotation has recently become a popular recreational activity, with commercial manufacturers and facilities available in most major American cities. This paper reviews research using two versions of the technique, and evaluates the responses of 27 customers using one such commercial facility. These customers indicate relaxation and pleasant mood, findings that are compatible with popular treatments and other reports but differ widely from earlier stereotypes about the experience.     

The health effects and ecological significance of chlorine residuals in water

During the past several years, chlorine residuals and chlorinated organic compounds in drinking waters and aquatic environments have become a significant topic of study for scientists concerned about the quality of life in aquatic ecosystems as well as general public health. The effects of direct toxicity and/or carcinogenicity to human and aquatic life are the focal points for this concern.The effects of chloramines and chlorinated organic compounds present in the water distribution system after chlorination treatments are reviewed. Also discussed are the effects of chlorinated discharges from municipal secondary treatment plants and power plants on human health and aquatic life. The toxic significance of environmental chemicals are described.     

Preparation of cross-linked magnetic chitosan with quaternary ammonium and its application for Cr(VI) and P(V) removal

Pollutants that exist in anionic species are issues of concern in water treatment. Compared to cationic pollutants, the removal of anionic pollutants by adsorption is more difficult because most adsorbents carry predominantly negative charges in neutral and alkaline environments. In this study, a cross-linked chitosan derivative with quaternary ammonium and magnetic properties（QM-chitosan） was prepared and employed to remove chromium（VI） and phosphorus（V）（Cr（VI） and P（V）） from aqueous environments. The QM-chitosan was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry（FT-IR）,thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）, energy dispersive X-ray（SEM-EDX） and zeta potential.Batch experiments show that QM-chitosan can effectively remove Cr（VI） and P（V）, and the main mechanism was believed to be electrostatic interaction. A pseudosecond-order model was fitted to describe the kinetic processes of Cr（VI） and P（V） removal. The adsorption isotherms of both Cr（VI） and P（V） on the QM-chitosan were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm equation. The saturated adsorption capacity of P（V）（2.783 mmol/g） was found to be higher than that of Cr（VI）（2.323 mmol/g）, resulting from the size of the H2PO-4ions being smaller than that of the HCr O-4ions. However, the theoretical calculation and experimental results showed that QM-chitosan had a stronger affinity for Cr（VI） than P（V）. The adsorption–desorption of the QM-chitosan was evaluated, and high regeneration rates were demonstrated.     

城市路面径流重金属排放规律及初期效应研究

在西安市城市主干道南二环太白立交高架段设置路面径流采样点,采用降雨-产流-产污同步观测的试验方法,对2014年7月—2015年8月的6场降雨径流事件进行采样,监测径流过程中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd的浓度变化,并研究其污染排放规律及初期冲刷效应。结果表明:路面径流污染排放规律与降雨特征及污染物赋存状态密切相关,溶解态重金属浓度均在径流初期达到峰值;颗粒态重金属浓度峰值出现时间略滞后于雨强峰值;重金属总量初期冲刷程度的强弱和溶解态重金属的差异较大,重金属总量初期冲刷程度越强,溶解态重金属反而越弱。     

V_2O_5/ACF低温选择性催化还原烟气中NO的研究

文章对V2O5/ACF(活性炭纤维)进行低温选择性催化还原(SCR)NO的影响研究。实验表明:ACF用硝酸处理形成ACFN,然后采用等体积浸渍法制备V2O5/ACFN催化剂,NO脱除率明显增加。同时研究了V2O5负载量、反应温度、NH3初始浓度、NO初始浓度、O2含量等因素对NO脱除效率的影响,发现V2O5/ACFN在180℃低温时,在NH3/NO为1.1、NO初始体积分数1000×10-6和O2体积分数5%时NO脱除效率较高。     

湖泊沉积物再悬浮对苦草光合机能的影响

不同光照强度下,研究湖泊表层沉积物再悬浮对苦草光合机能的影响。沉积物再悬浮后大量颗粒细粒径(4μm)颗粒附着在苦草的叶片上,造成叶片的叶绿素含量降低、叶绿体电子传递速率(ETR)和光合系统I(IPSII)活力(Yield)降低、光能耗散过程变化等不利的影响,并且弱光条件下影响程度较大。文章认为水体沉积物再悬浮对沉水植物的影响主要是细粒径(4μm)颗粒的作用。太湖沉积物再悬浮后细质颗粒附着在苦草叶片上,影响其光合机能,是苦草种群退化的重要机制之一。     

紫外线消毒系统中强度分布的理论计算与生物验证对比

应用以MPSS模型为基础的计算软件UV calc对某饮用水紫外线消毒反应器进行强度分布的计算,同时,采用枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC9372)作为受试菌种进行生物验证.结果显示,在该反应器中理论计算数值总体上明显高于生物验证的数值,反应器中最低紫外剂量区域出现在2支灯管之间的反应器壁附近.另外,理论计算和生物验证的误差与流量、透光率具有相关性.在高流量、低透光率的情况下,理论计算的数值更接近于生物验证数值.相对于理论计算,生物验证是确定紫外线反应器剂量反应曲线的可靠方法.     

Effect of competing solutes on arsenic（Ⅴ） adsorption using iron and aluminum oxides

The study focused on the effect of several typical competing solutes on removal of arsenic with Fe_2O_3 and AL_2O_3.The test results indicate that chloride,nitrate and sulfate did not have detectable effects,and that selenium(Ⅳ)(Se(Ⅳ))and vanadium(Ⅴ)(V(Ⅴ)) showed slight effects on the adsorption of As(Ⅴ)with Fe_2O_3.The results also showed that adsorption of As(Ⅴ)on AL_2O_3 was not affected by chloride and nitrate anions,but slightly by Se(Ⅳ)and V(Ⅴ)ions.Unlike the adsorption of As(Ⅴ)with Fe_2O_3,that with Fe_2O_3 was affected by the presence of sulfate in water solutions.Both phosphate and silica have significant adverse effects on the adsorption of As(Ⅴ)adsorption with Fe_2O_3 and Al_2O_3.Compared to the other tested anions,phosphate anion was found to be the most prominent solute affecting the As(Ⅴ)adsorption with Fe_2O_3 and Al_2O_3.In general,Fe_2O_3 has a better performance than Al_2O_3 in removal of As(Ⅴ)within a water environment where multi competing solutes are present.     

美军V/STOL飞机机载设备可靠性试验剖面研究

简述了美军垂直/短距起落飞机(V/STOL)飞机的特征和环境,提供了垂直/短距起落飞机的10个典型作战任务剖面及其飞行参数,分析了垂直/短距起落飞机和常规起落飞机的环境差异,给出了垂直/短距起落飞机每个作战任务剖面对应的可靠性试验剖面.