水中COD的无汞盐快速测定

在C(H2SO4)=56％硫酸介质、重铬酸钾的氧化体系中，以钼酸铵、硫酸铝钾为助催化剂，可减少催化剂硫酸银的用量，消解15min即可测定水中COD。用硝酸银(AgNO3)溶液代替硫酸汞去除水样中氯离子(Cl^-)，避免了汞盐的污染。工业废水加标回收率在97％～101％之间，有较好的准确度。     

关于环境水质监测的质量控制问题分析

针对环境水质监测质量控制效果不佳的原因加以分析,突出表现在水样采集与保存不够规范,人员能力与经验较为匮乏及实验环境与设备尚且不足等方面,且提出环境水质监测质量控制的方式,进而不断提升环境水质监测的效果。     

稀释度参数法在恶臭环境影响评价预测中的初探

创建一种可直接依据“臭气浓度”源强、较易预测操作的“稀释度参数法”,对目前在恶臭环境影响评价预测中普遍采用的“臭气强度法”及“类比法”进行补充。以具体案例对“稀释度参数法”预测结果与现状监测结果进行对比,经对比分析,“稀释度参数法”可客观反映现实情况。     

Effects of sterilization treatments on the analysis of TOC in water samples

Decomposition experiments conducted with and without microbial processes are commonly used to study the effects of environmental microorganisms on the degradation of organic pollutants.However,the effects of biological pretreatment (sterilization) on organic matter often have a negative impact on such experiments.Based on the principle of water total organic carbon (TOC) analysis,the effects of physical sterilization treatments on determination of TOC and other water quality parameters were investigated.The results revealed that two conventional physical sterilization treatments,autoclaving and 60 Co γ-radiation sterilization,led to the direct decomposition of some organic pollutants,resulting in remarkable errors in the analysis of TOC in water samples.Furthermore,the extent of the errors varied with the intensity and the duration of sterilization treatments.Accordingly,a novel sterilization method for water samples,0.45 μm micro-filtration coupled with ultraviolet radiation (MCUR),was developed in the present study.The results indicated that the MCUR method was capable of exerting a high bactericidal effect on the water sample while significantly decreasing the negative impact on the analysis of TOC and other water quality parameters.Before and after sterilization treatments,the relative errors of TOC determination could be controlled to lower than 3% for water samples with different categories and concentrations of organic pollutants by using MCUR.     

Real-time fluorescent quantitative immuno-PCR method for determination of fluoranthene in water samples with a molecular beacon

A reliable and sensitive competitive real-time fluorescent quantitative immuno-PCR (RTFQ-IPCR) assay using a molecular beacon was developed for the determination of trace fluoranthene (FL) in the environment. Under optimized assay conditions, FL can be determined in the concentration range from 1 fg/mL to 100 ng/mL, with y = 0.194x + 7.859, and a correlation coe cient of 0.967 was identified, with a detection limit of 0.6 fg/mL. Environmental water samples were successfully analyzed, recovery was between 90% and 116%, with intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.7%–12.8% and inter-day RSD of 8.4%–15.2%. The results obtained from RTFQ-IPCR were confirmed by ELISA, showing good accuracy and suitability to analyze FL in field samples. As a highly sensitive method, the molecular beacon-based RTFQ-IPCR is acceptable and promising for providing reliable test results to make environmental decisions.     

汽车气味评价方法现状与展望

本文主要介绍了汽车行业零部件或整车的气味评价方法,对比和归纳了行业中新出现的几种气味评价方法,总结了其各自的优缺点以及未来的发展方向。     

在用国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ柴油公交车的颗粒物质量及固态PM2.5数量排放特性

利用法规认证全流稀释定容采样系统以及满足精度要求的颗粒物排放分析系统,运行GB/T 19754—2005《重型混合动力电动汽车能量消耗量试验方法》推荐的中国典型城市公交循环(CCBC),分析了在用国Ⅲ/国Ⅳ/国Ⅴ柴油公交车以及在用国Ⅲ柴油公交车进行DOC(氧化催化转化器)+CDPF(催化型颗粒捕集器)改造后的颗粒物质量、固态PM_2.5数量排放特性.结果表明:国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ柴油公交车的颗粒物质量排放因子分别为63.77、63.20和14.42 mg/km,固态PM_2.5数量排放因子分别为3.87×1013、3.10×1013和2.77×1013 km-1.与国Ⅲ柴油公交车相比,国Ⅳ柴油公交车的颗粒物质量、固态PM_2.5数量排放因子分别降低了1%和20%;国Ⅴ柴油公交车分别降低了77%和28%;进行DOC+CDPF改造的国Ⅲ公交车颗粒物质量、固态PM_2.5颗粒数量排放因子分别为1.78 mg/km和3.19×1011 km-1,比未改造前分别降低了97%和99%.中国典型城市公交循环的低速(0～21.8 km/h)、中低速(0～37.5 km/h)、中高速(0～51.7 km/h)和高速(0～60.0 km/h)4类行驶工况中,低速行驶工况的固态PM_2.5数量排放因子最高,约是整个循环的2倍;在加速、匀速、减速、怠速4种行驶模式中,加速行驶模式产生的固态PM_2.5单位时间排放量最高,其分别为减速和怠速行驶模式下的10和6倍.研究显示,提高柴油公交车的平均车速,降低加速行驶比例有利于降低其颗粒物排放;DOC+CDPF可显著降低国Ⅲ柴油公交车的颗粒物排放.      

一套民用固体燃料燃烧大气污染物排放测试系统的搭建和评测

为研究民用固体燃料燃烧的大气污染物排放特征,设计了一套箱式稀释采样测试系统.相比于常用的烟罩法和烟道采样法,该系统能减小环境空气中颗粒物对测试结果的影响,同时收集了炉具泄漏的烟气,能更准确获得固体燃料燃烧的大气污染物排放水平.本文介绍了该系统的设计思路、主要结构组成和测试系统的性能评估结果.评估结果表明:进气经过滤后颗粒物浓度显著下降至约1μg·m-3,远小于燃烧过程中排放的颗粒物浓度(约100μg·m-3),有效减少环境空气中颗粒物对测试结果的干扰;使用箱式法测得PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子结果均高于箱体敞开的对照组测试,证明箱式法收集测试了燃烧时泄漏至室内的污染物,有效减少污染物泄漏造成的误差.利用该系统测试了12种常见民用煤和3种生物质燃料燃烧PM_(2.5)、SO2、NOx等污染物排放水平,其中民用煤PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子分别为0.23~3.40 mg·g~(-1)、0.48~6.15 mg·g~(-1)和0.16~1.09 mg·g~(-1),生物质燃料的PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子分别为6.26~39.76 mg·g~(-1)、0.04~0.23 mg·g~(-1)和0.05~0.76 mg·g~(-1).     

分光光度法分析氰化物稀释的注意事项

本文针对分光光度法分析高浓度氯化物的样品稀释,通过水样分析中的实践和经验总结了几点注意事项。     

洋河-戴河河口海域COD时空分布特征研究

首先应用MIKE 21软件建立了洋河-戴河河口海岸水域水动力与污染物输运数学模型,然后采用实测潮流和化学需氧量(COD)浓度对数学模型进行了验证,最后模拟分析了河口海岸水域COD的输运过程.结果表明,洋河-戴河近岸海域潮波为驻波;潮流为顺岸往复流,涨潮流方向为NE向SW,落潮流方向为SW向NE.涨、落急时刻,河口至外海水域潮流流速递增.COD输运方向与涨落潮潮流方向一致.涨憩时刻,COD高浓度区向河道推进,其面积最小;落憩时刻,COD高浓度区向外海推进,其面积最大;葡萄岛周围潮流流速低,在潮周期内小于0.14m/s,对COD的稀释作用较弱.