河口盐度梯度下溶解态核酸的微生物可利用性

核酸物质(DNA和RNA)作为自然水体中重要的溶解有机质组分之一,是水生微生物食物网的重要物质基础,因此核酸的微生物可利用性具有重要研究意义.2012年春季从长江口不同盐度区域采集水样,并分别添加鱼类DNA和酵母RNA进行培养,考察了其微生物可利用性.结果表明,在溶解态核酸添加至不同盐度的培养体系时,添加的DNA大约有20%～50%从溶解态快速转变至颗粒态,转化率随盐度增加而增加,而添加的RNA仅有约10%从溶解态转变至颗粒态,受盐度影响不大.在各培养体系中,溶解态核酸的微生物利用动力学曲线均符合Sigmoid方程,先有30～80 h不等的延滞期,而后进入快速利用期,最后为停止期,其中海水微生物对核酸的最大利用速率比河口/淡水微生物更快.当溶解态核酸进入河口水体后,分为微生物可利用的(自由溶解态/酶可水解的)、胶体结合态和颗粒态,其中RNA中微生物可利用形态百分比(80%～90%)显著高于DNA,且随盐度变化不大,而DNA中微生物可利用形态百分比随盐度升高而从78%逐渐降低至50%.因此,河口盐度梯度下的DNA和RNA赋存形态分布特征和微生物可利用性具有显著差异.     

长江口沉积物重金属的分布、来源及潜在生态风险评价

为了解长江口潮滩沉积物中重金属的污染特征,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)分析了长江口北支、南支和杭州湾27个表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Ni、Ag、As、Cd、Zn、Sn、Sb和Hg 10种重金属的含量,并对其分布、来源及生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,沉积物中10种重金属的含量和介于102.9 ～ 326.4 mg· kg-1之间,北支、南支和杭州湾的平均值分别为180.9、244.7和155.6 mg·kg-1.方差分析结果表明,南支与北支、杭州湾平均含量之间均存在显著性差异(p＜0.01),南支因受沿岸工业污水和生活污水的影响污染加重.来源分析表明,沉积物中大多数重金属的来源具有一定的相似性,主要来源于各种工农业废水、船舶运输、农药和化肥污染,而Ag和Hg具有不同的来源.地积累指数评价结果表明,10种重金属的平均污染程度由高到低依次为:Cd＞ Hg＞ Sb＞ Ag＞ As＞ Cu ＞Zn＞ Ni＞ Sn＞ Pb,Hg和Cd在多数采样点分别为中度污染和偏重污染,南支Cd和Ag的污染程度高于北支和杭州湾,而在杭州湾Hg的污染程度高于北支和南支.潜在生态风险系数评价结果表明,长江口沉积物7种重金属潜在生态风险系数从高到低依次为:Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu ＞Ni＞Pb ＞Zn,长江口沉积物的潜在生态风险主要由Cd和Hg引起,两者的贡献分别为62.6％和34.0％,各采样点7种重金属的潜在生态风险指数(RI)介于565.9～1601之间,均达到极强生态风险.     

Metal contamination in sediments of the western Bohai Bay and adjacent estuaries, China

Twelve sediment cores were collected in July 2007 in open waters of western Bohai Bay, the Port of Tianjin, and the adjacent estuaries of the Haihe and Yongding Rivers. While overall concentrations of trace metals at incremental depths in these cores met the Marine Sediment Quality (GB18668-2002) criteria of China, the magnitude of both metal enrichment factors (EF) and geoaccumulation indices (I(geo)) suggested that pollution with Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn was occurring in the estuaries and Port. Risk analysis also suggested that Ag and Ni concentrations were sufficiently elevated as to cause adverse biological effects in the study area. Although metal concentrations in western Bohai Bay were of less concern, a positive relationship between EF values and excess (210)Pb activity for several metals suggested that their concentrations were increasing over time.     

春、夏季长江口海水、沉积物及生物体中重金属含量及其评价

根据2009年5月（春季）、8月（夏季）长江口海域的环境调查资料,分析了长江口及其临近海域水相、表层沉积物及生物体内的6种重金属含量及分布特征,利用单因子指数法对污染状况进行了评价,并就污染来源进行了探讨。结果表明：研究海域春季表层水体中以Cu和Hg污染为主,超标率均为30%,而底层则主要为Hg污染,超标率为35%,Zn和Pb除个别站位超标外,其它站位状况良好;夏季表、底层水体中重金属污染以Cu、Zn和Hg污染较为严重,各重金属质量浓度约为春季水体中的2倍。研究海域春季表层沉积物中重金属污染状况由大到小依次为Cd、As、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg,夏季表层沉积物中重金属污染状况由大到小依次为Cd、Cu、As、Hg、Zn、Pb,春、夏季沉积物中各重金属质量分数有所差异,总体表现为春季高于夏季。生物体内重金属质量分数状况较好,均符合各类食品安全标准。春、夏季沉积物对重金属的富集能力有所不同;但总体表现为春季富集能力高于夏季,这可能与泥沙再悬浮造成的重金属重新释放有关;鱼类和甲壳类对不同重金属的富集能力有所差异,鱼类对重金属的富集能力由大到小依次为Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg、As,而甲壳类对重金属的富集能力由大到小依次为Pb、Cd、Hg、Zn、Cu、As。     

长江口南北支浮游动物群落生态学研究

长江口特殊的生态环境使得浮游动物的种类组成、密度和时空分布等生态特征有别于其它水体。2005年秋季（丰水期）和2006年春季（枯水期）对长江口南北支浮游动物进行了2个航次的调查,沿南北支由西向东设立3个采样断面共20个采样点。共采集到浮游动物227种,其中轮虫65种,原生动物107种,枝角类15种,桡足类40种。优势种包括龟甲轮虫（Keratella）、刺簇多肢轮虫（Polyarthra trigla）、萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）、砂壳虫（Difflugia）、表壳虫（Arcella）、砂壳纤毛虫（Tintinnid）、中华哲水蚤（Calanus sinicus）、汤匙华哲水蚤（Sinocalanus dorrii）、广布中剑水蚤（Mesocyclops leuckarti）、象鼻溞（Bosmina）等。文章对南北两支浮游动物的种类组成和结构进行了比较,南支浮游动物的种类、数量及生物多样都高于北支,南北两支的浮游动物群落相似度很低。南北两支水域环境的不同造成其浮游动物群落结构的较大差异,文章分析了环境因子与浮游动物群落结构的相关性,其中水温是重要的影响因素,水温的季节性决定了浮游动物在时间分布上的变化。盐度对浮游动物群落结构的影响主要决定了其物种生态类型及空间分布。从整体上看,南北支主要受长江径流控制,浮游动物的种类组成以淡水种为主,咸水种在断面3出现较多。     

Benthic Impacts of Intertidal Oyster Culture, with Consideration of Taxonomic Sufficiency

An investigation of the impacts from elevated intertidal Pacific oyster culture in a New Zealand estuary showed enhanced sedimentation beneath culture racks compared with other sites. Seabed elevation beneath racks was generally lower than between them, suggesting that topographic patterns more likely result from a local effect of rack structures on hydrodynamic processes than from enhanced deposition. Compared with control sites, seabed sediments within the farm had a greater silt/clay and organic content, and a lower redox potential and shear strength. While a marked trend in macrofaunal species richness was not evident, species composition and dominance patterns were consistent with a disturbance gradient, with farm effects not evident 35 m from the perimeter of the racks. Of the environmental variables measured, sediment shear strength was most closely associated with the distribution and density of macrofauna, suggesting that human-induced disturbance from farming operations may have contributed to the biological patterns. To evaluate the taxonomic sufficiency needed to document impacts, aggregation to the family level based on Linnean classification was compared with an aggregation scheme based on `general groups' identifiable with limited taxonomic expertise. Compared with species-level analyses, spatial patterns of impact were equally discernible at both aggregation levels used, provided density rather than presence/absence data were used. Once baseline conditions are established and the efficacy of taxonomic aggregation demonstrated, a `general group' scheme provides an appropriate and increasingly relevant tool for routine monitoring.     

长江口湿地生态系统服务功能价值的评估

长江口湿地是我国重要的滨海湿地，具有多种生态服务功能。参考Costanza等提出的17项生态系统服务功能，利用市场价值法、造林成本法、影子工程法、费用替代法以及专家评估法等方法．对长江口湿地生态价值进行了评估。结果表明，长江口湿地生态系统的生态服务价值为40．00亿元/a。其中，成陆造地价值为9．0亿元/a，物质生产价值8．86亿元/a，大气组分调节价值为1．15亿元/a，水分调节价值为1．54亿元/a，净化水体价值为3．4l亿元/a，提供栖息地价值为2．86亿元/a，文化科研价值为8．38亿元/a，美学价值为4．81亿元/a。并提出对生态系统服务价值的利用应本着可持续发展的原则。     

Transformation of Particle-Bound Phosphorus at the Land–Sea Interface in a Danish Estuary

Danish rivers carry >50% of the phosphorus (P) transport as particulate P (PP). In five of six rivers sampled in November 1998 iron-bound P made up > 59% of PP and loosely adsorbed P ranged between 2% and 13%. This fraction could potentially be released in 14‰ seawater. The behaviour of dissolved and particulate P fractions was studied during seven month in a 2 km long estuary with low freshwater retention time and low tidal range. The river carried ∼10% of PP as loosely adsorbed P but increased concentrations of dissolved inorganic P (DIP) relative to the estuarine mixing line was only observed in the summer month with low freshwater flow and was more likely due to DIP release from the bottom sediment. Instead estuarine particles were always enriched with oxidized iron (ox.Fe) and iron-bound P as well as loosely adsorbed P and during May–September this coincided with increasing concentration of PP in estuary. We suggest that flocculation of ox.Fe and adsorption of DIP onto the particles with subsequent transport seawards is a major loss process for P during the summer month. During winter month where 85% of the run-off occurs the dominant process in the estuary is sedimentation of larger particles, however, a comparison of river particles with surface sediment clearly reveals that most PP is mobilized again from the bottom sediments.     

模拟SO_4~(2-)沉降对河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的影响

2008年每月小潮日原位定期向闽江河口鳝鱼滩咸草(Cyperus malaccensis)潮汐湿地试验样地施加25,50,100kgSO42--S/(hm2·a)的硫酸钠溶液,探讨模拟SO42-酸沉降对河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的影响.结果表明,SO42-酸沉降对于河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量基本无抑制作用.添加SO42-室内厌氧培养试验结果显示,虽然SO42-输入对湿地土壤CH4产生量具有一定的抑制作用,但相对对照组,下降幅度仅为8.5%~15.4%.室内添加甲烷产生基质的厌氧培养试验结果表明,非竞争性途径甲烷产生基质(甲醇和三甲胺)的添加可刺激并增加土壤的甲烷产生量,解释了原位施加SO42-对于河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的基本无抑制作用的试验结果.     

河口区有色溶解有机物(CDOM)三维荧光光谱的影响因素

结合在厦门湾九龙江口的现场调查与实验室分析,对目前河口区CDOM三维荧光光谱(excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy,EEMS)分析的一些影响因素(主要是离子强度、浓度效应、不同孔径滤膜过滤)进行了探讨.结果表明,CDOM的EEMS与样品中离子强度关系不大,说明在河口区河海水混合过程中,仅仅由于水体盐度的变化不会造成CDOM光学特征的明显变化.河端CDOM的荧光强度随物理稀释倍数的增大成相应比例的减小,稀释对EEMS的影响仅仅体现在荧光强度上,显示河口区的CDOM样品不存在荧光淬灭效应.九龙江口河流端样品中共含有类腐殖质(C、A)及类蛋白质(T1、T2)4种荧光团,随着混合样品中海水体积分数的增大,样品荧光强度逐渐降低,代表海洋来源的类腐殖质荧光峰M逐渐显露,T1峰逐渐高于A峰.这说明从河端至外海CDOM的组成结构发生了一系列的变化,来源上逐渐完成了以陆源为主到海源为主的转变;性质上逐渐完成了以类腐殖质荧光团为主到类蛋白质荧光团为主的转变.在中、高盐度区,0.2μm的Millipore聚碳酸酯滤膜可以很好地去除水体散射对EEMS的干扰,EEMS(0.2μm)比EEMS(0.7μm)更为规则,各峰的显示更加清晰.不同荧光基团的划分更加容易.无论高、中、低盐度站位,0.7μm滤膜过滤的样品,其CDOM荧光强度都要略高于0.2μm滤膜过滤的样品,2种不同孔径滤膜过滤对CDOM荧光测定带来的差异不可忽略.