微藻膜反应器处理海水养殖废水性能及膜污染特性

以海水养殖废水为研究对象,探究了微藻膜反应器的脱氮除磷效能及膜污染特性.采用青岛大扁藻（Platymonas helgolandica tsingtaoensis）作为生物源,经过60 d的运行,微藻膜反应器的TN和TP去除率分别为73.6%和77.9%,TN和TP去除速率达到15g·（m³·d）^-1和2.8g·（m³·d）^-1.反应器中的微藻能够较快富集,最大生长速率可达53.3mg·（L·d）^-1,最大生物量可达1.4 g·L^-1.第18d和38d分别对反应器中的微藻进行采收,未影响反应器的脱氮除磷效能,且可以在一定程度上缓解膜污染现象.微藻生物量的增加会显著提高膜污染物质的含量,三维荧光光谱结果表明,色氨酸类蛋白质和芳香类蛋白质是造成膜污染的重要因素.     

中国典型滨海湿地转变为养殖塘对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响

以我国黄河口碱蓬湿地、九龙江口桐花树湿地、东寨港木榄湿地为研究样地,借助高通量测序技术探究这3个典型滨海湿地转变为养殖塘前、后土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的变化.结果表明：①天然湿地转变为养殖塘后,土壤细菌群落多样性与丰富度均有所下降;②天然湿地转变为养殖塘未显著改变细菌门水平群落组成,湿地优势细菌门主要为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）;③天然湿地转变为养殖塘改变了土壤优势细菌属,九龙江口和东寨港湿地转变后,寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）相对丰度均有所升高,东寨港湿地转变后土壤中假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）相对丰度也有所增加,并新增了气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）;4环境因子对湿地土壤细菌相对丰度有显著影响,寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）与含水量呈显著负相关（p<0.05）,与容重和pH呈显著正相关（p<0.01）;Sulfurimonas、Woeseia等细菌属与土壤容重呈显著负相关（p<0.01）.由此可见,湿地围垦养殖对土壤微环境产生了较大影响,养殖户在进行养殖作业时需格外注重生态环境的健康与可持续发展.     

海水曝气生物滤器污染物沿程转化规律的研究

以竹制空心生化球填料生物滤器处理海水养殖废水为对象,在水力负荷为0.58m3/[m3(填料)×h]、氨氮负荷为(0.35~0.46)g/[m3(填料)×h]、有机负荷约为11.58g/[m3(填料)×h]、气水比3:1、pH值为7.8~8.0、DO浓度2.8~5.8mg/L的条件下,考察了有机物和总氨氮(TAN)的沿程转化规律,分析了污染物的空间分布特性.结果表明:在给定的运行条件下,CODMn的主要去除区间在滤器的0~10cm高度,其中CODMn和溶解性CODMn在此处的去除率分别为49.12%和34.88%;TAN的主要去除区间为0~30cm,其中10cm处TAN的去除率为18%,30cm处为55%;生物量和生物活性由下向上呈递减的分布趋势;生物滤器污染物的主要去除区间为0~30cm,受到水质、水量冲击时,较高层的填料(30~60cm)起到了缓冲作用,将下层生物膜未能降解的污染物去除.     

The interaction between seaweed farming as an alternative occupation and fisher numbers in the central Philippines

Alternative occupations are frequently promoted as a means to reduce the number of people exploiting declining fisheries. However, there is little evidence that alternative occupations reduce fisher numbers. Seaweed farming is frequently promoted as a lucrative alternative occupation for artisanal fishers in Southeast Asia. We examined how the introduction of seaweed farming has affected village-level changes in the number of fishers on Danajon Bank, central Philippines, where unsustainable fishing has led to declining fishery yields. To determine how fisher numbers had changed since seaweed farming started, we interviewed the heads of household from 300 households in 10 villages to examine their perceptions of how fisher numbers had changed in their village and the reasons they associated with these changes. We then asked key informants (people with detailed knowledge of village members) to estimate fisher numbers in these villages before seaweed farming began and at the time of the survey. We compared the results of how fisher numbers had changed in each village with the wealth, education, seaweed farm sizes, and other attributes of households in these villages, which we collected through interviews, and with village-level factors such as distance to markets. We also asked people why they either continued to engage in or ceased fishing. In four villages, respondents thought seaweed farming and low fish catches had reduced fisher numbers, at least temporarily. In one of these villages, there was a recent return to fishing due to declines in the price of seaweed and increased theft of seaweed. In another four villages, fisher numbers increased as human population increased, despite the widespread uptake of seaweed farming. Seaweed farming failed for technical reasons in two other villages. Our results suggest seaweed farming has reduced fisher numbers in some villages, a result that may be correlated with socioeconomic status, but the heterogeneity of outcomes is consistent with suggestions that alternative occupations are not a substitute for more direct forms of resource management.     

农业污染减排指标体系初步构建

控制和削减农业污染物排放总量是国家环境保护"十二五"规划的重点工作之一,但现行的环境管理及产排污量削减与控制技术中还没有完整的农业污染减排的指标体系。该文阐述了构建农业污染减排指标体系的基本原则和方法,综合考虑不同农业生产类型污染物产排过程的特点,从种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业3个方面初步构建农业污染减排指标体系,以期为研究农业主要污染物减排核算体系的关键参数和制定减排核算技术方法提供基础性技术支持。基于当前农业污染减排实施中可能存在的问题,对指标体系的进一步完善提出了相关建议。     

不同稻渔系统对池塘养殖尾水的净化效果分析

采用围隔实验法考察不同虾蟹共作稻渔系统对养殖尾水的净化效果。结果表明:稻田及分别投放小龙虾和河蟹等稻渔共作系统均对养殖尾水净化作用显著,且相互间基本无显著差异(P>0.05);稻渔系统对水体中氨氮、亚硝氮、TN和TP的最大去除率分别为67.48%、78.13%、37.97%和53.05%;养殖尾水中I Mn与悬浮物于1 d~2 d、氨氮于2 d~4 d、TN于4 d~8 d、TP于8 d~16 d后显著降至较低水平;混养小龙虾和河蟹未对稻田净化水体产生显著扰动影响。