中国火灾史(秦朝～1949年)简析

火对人类生存和繁衍具有历史性的变革作用 ,同时火灾事故的发生又给人类带来了威胁。笔者以有关文献数据为依据 ,以现有的省域为地理界限并以规定的时间段为基础 ,对中国历史上的火灾事故及其原因进行简要统计分析 ,其中的数据来源难免有一定的局限性 ,要从中得出一些规律确实很难 ,但至少可总结出 :①中国历代火灾多发区的变迁过程 ,基本上是随中国经济和文化中心的迁移而迁移的 ;经济越发达地区 ,同期火灾事故明显居多 ;火灾的直接受害者主要是平民百姓和宗教人士。②在已知的火灾事故原因中 ,战争是第一位的。上述分析的结论 ,对当代人们了解过去的火灾史 ,具有帮助与启迪。     

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND POLICY IN HAWAII: COMING FULL CIRCLE1

ABSTRACT: Changes in watershed management and policy in Hawaii are an instructive case study on the evolution of resource management from a traditional vertically integrated system, to a segmented central government‐based system, and now towards a community and watershed focus. The rise of European social and economic influences coupled with the precipitous decline in the Hawaiian population in the years following European contact led to the destruction of traditional management structures. Subsequently, the dominance of outside interests in Hawaii society and politics, culminating with the sugar industry, facilitated the unrestricted use and privatization of land and water resources. The post‐World War II era ushered in fundamental changes in Hawaii society and politics including renewed appreciation of traditional management practices. Government policies, increased community interest in resource management, and a renaissance in Hawaiian culture have converged in recent years to facilitate the development of new management structures that draw on both traditional and contemporary management. These structures hold great promise for improving Hawaiian watershed management. Our observations suggest that other jurisdictions may find it productive to examine traditional management and policy structures and try to relate them to contemporary community‐based resource management policies and activities.     

Spatial and temporal analysis of vegetation change in agricultural landscapes: A case study of two brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) landscapes in Queensland, Australia

The majority of landscapes around the world have been modified or transformed by human activities to meet the needs of human societies. The loss of native vegetation for agricultural development affects the sustainability of growing proportion of the world's ecosystems. Factors such as land tenure, roads and agricultural intensification, together with biophysical properties, have been cited as drivers of deforestation. This paper combined analysis of the historical drivers of change with analysis of the trends of deforestation since 1945 in two brigalow landscapes (100,000 ha) in sub-tropical Australia. A selection of these drivers were then applied at a property-level (1000 ha) to test their influence on native vegetation retention. Regression trees were used to identify significant human drivers and biophysical properties, and then a generalised linear modelling approach was used to quantify the effect of these factors on the proportion of remnant native vegetation. Results showed that until the mid-20th century, government policies to intensify settlement did not result in increased agricultural production, but since this time, landscape change has been rapid, and has particularly affected ecosystems on fertile clay soils. Although socio-economic factors were critical in driving deforestation, after 60 years of agricultural intensification by far the most significant explanatory variable determining the proportion of native vegetation retained at a property scale was the suitability of the soil for agriculture. Property size was an important secondary influence. The results were not, by and large, consistent with other studies of landscape change and suggest that generalised principles explaining deforestation may be elusive. Solutions to the problem of over-clearance of native vegetation, therefore, need to be tailored to the specific regional situations encountered.     

我国持续发展战略的可承受性思考

通过对人类社会发展历史的回顾，分析工业文明在人口、资源、环境等方面所造成的负面效应，引发人们探讨人与自然、人与自身、人与社会之间相互关系的依存、对立与协调统一的过程，从不同角度阐述人类社会发展在生态上、文化上、社会上、经济上可持续发展的可承受性。用东方古老哲理思想整合西方文明所带来的人类社会发展弊端，试求探索出一条“天人合一”、“东西合璧”的可持续发展之路。     

泉州湾沉积物柱状样中有机氯农药的垂直分布特征

用GC-ECD内标法测定了泉州湾沉积物柱样中有机氯农药的含量.通过研究有机氯农药在沉积物柱样中的垂直分布特征,探讨了有机氯农药在泉州湾的污染历史.该柱样中HCHs和DDTs的含量分别为(0.00～5.61)×10-9、(1.18～50.65)×10-9.研究表明该区沉积物未受到HCHs的明显污染,但已受到DDTs的轻微污染.有机氯农药的垂直变化基本反映了它在我国及福建的生产使用历史.在近年泉州湾仍有新的DDT输入.     

Landscape ecology of the Dutch coast

This paper is a summary and elaboration of an earlier publication in Dutch on the compilation of a landscape-ecological map, scale 1 : 50 000, of the Dutch coast. It is argued that such an integrated map is the best basis for the conservation and management of the coastal dunes and salt marshes. It may be combined with local more detailed vegetation maps, some examples of which are mentioned in the context of management. The Dutch North Sea coast is a ca. 350 km long chain of sandy beaches and sand dunes, from only 100 m to more than 10 km wide. On sheltered stretches of dune coasts along estuaries in the Southwest and on the Wadden Sea islands, salt marshes have developed. The small-scale gradient structure of the beach-dune-salt marsh complex is emphasized.     

中国泰和鸡种质资源开发史

泰和鸡是我国著名的观赏及药用鸡种,是著名中成药“乌鸡白凤丸”的主要配方用料之一。本文根据实地考察和大量历史资料的分析研究,论述了泰和鸡品种的开发历史及其选育过程。指出泰和鸡在我国已有1300多年的饲养及药用历史。在距今400多年前,泰和鸡始由雏型到品种的初步形成,由血缘紊乱,遗传性状极不稳定至遗传性伏的相对统一,大体约经过了240年的自然选择与人工选择,而品种特征的相对固定,又经过了200多年的选育过程。这是我国劳动人民辛勤培育的结果。本文为进一步合理利用泰和鸡种质资源和发挥我国特有种质资源的生产潜力特提供一些科学依据,这对泰和鸡的深入研究将具有一定的参考价值。     

Friends of the land and the rise of environmentalism, 1940–1954

The rise of the postwar environmental movement is rooted in the development of ecological consciousness within intellectual circles as well as the general public. Though many commentators cite the 1960s as the focal point of the new environmentalism, the ecological ethic had actually evolved by the 1930s in the writings and speeches of both scientists and public commentators. Agricultural conservationists led the way in broadcasting the message of ecology. Friends of the Land, an agriculturally-oriented conservation organization formed in 1940 and active through the 1950s, is an interesting example of how the agricultural community was an integral component in the rise of environmentalism. While Friends of the Land flourished only for a brief period, its goals and the ideas that the group represented illustrate how the ecological ethic was burgeoning by the early-1950s. Furthermore, the history of Friends of the Land is an important chapter in the ongoing quest for ecological agriculture and societal permanence.     

200 years of sustainability in forestry: Lessons from history

Since the end of the 1980s the concept of sustainable development has gained general acceptance, but much uncertainty still exists on how to operationalize this concept. In forestry the concept of sustainability has been an accepted principle since the 18th century. The experiences with its application in forestry may contribute towards obtaining a better insight into the implications and operational significance of the concept of sustainability. This article describes the history of sustainability in forestry, including the various social values on which its interpretation has been based. The original principle of sustained yield has gradually been broadened to a more inclusive principle of sustainable forest management. The dynamics in social valuation of forest resources resulted in various attempts at practical operationalization of the principle. Notwithstanding 200 years of efforts to operationalize the concept of sustainability, its exact application in forestry remains troublesome. Three lessons are drawn: (1) the need to recognize the different nature of ecological limits and social dynamics, (2) the role of dynamic social values with respect to forest resources, and (3) the significance of operational experiences in trying to attain sustainability within a concrete context.     

论我国灾害历史的研究

灾害史的研究是灾害学研究的一个重要领域，本文在列举我国历史灾害资料的基础上，论述了灾害历史研究的必要性。