大田条件下不同钝化剂对空心菜吸收镉的影响及机理

通过大田试验,研究4种钝化剂（赤泥、海泡石、钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉）对两茬空心菜（Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.）生长和镉吸收的影响。钝化剂施用量为：赤泥（0.5%和1.0%）、海泡石（0.3%和0.5%）、磷矿粉（450和900 kg.hm-2）、钙镁磷肥（450和900 kg.hm-2）。结果表明,各钝化剂均能显著降低土壤有效态镉质量分数,钝化能力大小表现为海泡石〉赤泥〉钙镁磷肥〉磷矿粉;钝化剂提高了空心菜地上部生物量,第1茬时（50 d）,施用高量赤泥、低量海泡石和高量钙镁磷肥处理生物量增加最为明显,地上部分别增加78.7%、75.2%和76.6%。第2茬（80 d）,高量赤泥与高量磷矿粉处理增加最高,地上部分别增加24.6%和34.5%。钝化剂对空心菜镉吸收影响不同,第1茬时对根系和地上部分别起促进和抑制作用,施用高量赤泥和高量海泡石最能抑制地上部镉累积,镉质量分数分别降低27.3%和23.2%。第2茬时,除海泡石外,钝化剂均显著抑制了根系和地上部的镉吸收,高量磷矿粉和赤泥效果最佳。总体来看,赤泥是保障农产品安全的最佳钝化材料,海泡石效果最差。     

低密度聚乙烯微塑料对空心菜生长和生理特征的影响

土壤中微塑料污染及其毒理学效应逐渐引起关注,但微塑料对农作物生长和生理的影响机制研究仍相对匮乏.为探讨微塑料对农作物生长和生理生化的影响,选用不同质量分数(0%、 0.2%、 5%和10%)的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE MPs)进行盆栽试验,研究了其对柳叶空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica Forsk)种子发芽率、光合色素含量、生物量、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量等的影响效应.结果表明,LDPE MPs显著抑制了(P<0.05)空心菜种子活力,且质量分数越高抑制效果越显著.然而,5%LDPE MPs显著促进空心菜地上生物量;0.2%LDPE MPs显著促进空心菜叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,而10%LDPE MPs则显著提高了过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性;丙二醛(MDA)含量随LDPE MPs质量分数的增加呈梯度式下降,较对照处理降低了15.53%～27.39%.LDPE MPs显著提高了空心菜叶片可溶性糖含量.综上可知,LDPE MPs可抑制空心菜种子活力,但会促进其生物量累积;空心菜可通过调节抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量来缓解LDPE MP...     

UV-B增加对菠菜生长发育和品质的影响

研究了在大田栽培和自然光的条件下，模拟紫外辐射的增加对菠菜生长发育和品质的影响。生长指标的分析结果表明，随着UV-B辐射的增加，菠菜的干质量、叶面积、绿叶数、株高生长均呈降低趋势，而且随着UV-B越强，降低程度越大，并在一定程度上延缓植株生长。品质指标的分析结果表明，UV-B辐射增强，菠菜叶片的可溶性糖质量分数降低，维生素C质量分数降低，随UV-B辐射强度增大，可溶性糖和维生素C质量分数降低的幅度愈大；UV-B辐射增强，菠菜叶片的蛋白质和抗坏血酸表现为质量分数升高，但当UV-B辐射超过一定强度，二者又表现为低于对照。     

Nitrate levels in fresh vegetables and berries from central Japan

Nitrate concentrations in 326 recent vegetables and berries sold in Niigata, located in central Japan, were investigated. Maximum nitrate concentrations of 6600 mg kg^?1 were detected in samples of komatsuna (Brassica campestris var. perviridis) and mizuna (B. campestris L.). Mean concentrations ranged from 4 mg kg^?1(blueberry) to 3500 mg kg^?1 (mizuna). Concentrations in spinach ranged from 10 to 6000 mg kg^?1 (mean 1500 mg kg^?1). Nitrate intake from spinach and Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) were estimated to be 0.7 and 0.8 mg kg^?1 day^?1, respectively. These values are equivalent to 19% and 23% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Nitrate intake at the 90th percentile was estimated to be 1.3 mg kg^?1 day^?1 (35% of the ADI) from spinach and 1.6 mg kg^?1 day^?1 (43% of the ADI) from Japanese radish.     

Heavy Metal Load Of Soil, Water And Vegetables In Peri-Urban Delhi

Peri-urban lands are often used for production of vegetables for better market accessibility and higher prices. But most of these lands are contaminated with heavy metals through industrial effluents, sewage and sludge, and vehicular emission. Vegetables grown in such lands, therefore, are likely to be contaminated with heavy metals and unsafe for consumption. Samples of vegetables i.e., spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.); soil and irrigation water were collected from 5 peri-urban sites of New Delhi to monitor their heavy metal loads. While heavy metal load of the soils were below the maximum allowable limit prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO), it was higher in irrigation water and vegetable samples. The spinach and okra samples showed Zn, Pb and Cd levels higher than the WHO limits. The levels of Cu, however, were at their safe limits. Metal contamination was higher in spinach than in okra. Spatial variability of metal contamination was also observed in the study. Bio-availability of metals present in soil showed a positive relationship with their total content and organic matter content of soil but no relationship was observed with soil pH. Washing of vegetables with clean water was a very effective and easy way of decontaminating the metal pollution as it reduced the contamination by 75 to 100%.     

Element contents and food safety of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) cultivated with wastewater in Hanoi, Vietnam

Extensive aquatic or semi-aquatic production of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) for human consumption takes place in Southeast Asia. The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations of 38 elements in soil and water spinach cultivated under different degrees of wastewater exposure in Hanoi, Vietnam. The results showed no effect of wastewater use on the overall element concentrations in soil and water spinach. Mean soil concentrations for selected potentially toxic elements at the studied field sites had the following ranges 9.11–18.7 As, 0.333–0.667 Cd, 10.8–14.5 Co, 68–122 Cr, 34.0–62.1 Cu, 29.9–52.8 Ni, 32.5–67.4 Pb, 0.578–0.765 Tl and 99–189 Zn mg kg⁻¹ dry weight (d.w.). In all samples Cd, Pb and Zn soil concentrations were below the Vietnamese Guideline Values (TCVN 7209-2002) for agricultural soils whereas As and Cu exceeded the guideline values. Maximum site element concentrations in water spinach were 0.139 As, 0.032 Cd, 0.135 Cr, 2.01 Cu, 39.1 Fe, 57.3 Mn, 0.16 Ni, 0.189 Pb and 6.01 Zn mg kg⁻¹ fresh weight (f.w.). The site and soil content of organic carbon were found to have high influence on the water spinach element concentrations whereas soil pH and the total soil element concentrations were of less importance. The estimated average daily intake of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn for adult Vietnamese consumers amounts to <11% of the maximum tolerable intake proposed by FAO/WHO for each element. It is assessed that the occurrence of the investigated elements in water spinach will pose low health risk for the consumers.     

不同肥料施用对设施菠菜地NH3挥发和N2O排放的影响

以湖南设施菠菜地为研究对象,采用通气法和静态箱-气相色谱法研究了设施菠菜生长季施用工厂化堆肥(SC)、农民传统堆肥(SS)和单施化肥(FC)对土壤NH_3和N_2O排放的影响.结果表明在同等施氮水平下,与FC相比,SC处理能减少NH_3和N_2O排放量,分别减少52.9%和95.12%(P0.01);SS处理则增加NH_3挥发量24.8%,减少N_2O排放量48.8%.不同处理NH_3损失率分别为SS(10.97%)FC(4.19%)SC(2.74%);N_2O排放系数分别为FC(4.50%)SC(2.21%)SS(0.60%);与FC处理相比,SC处理条件下菠菜产量和作物吸氮量分别降低19.61%和13.20%,差异不显著;SS处理则显著降低27.9%和40.0%(P0.05).在该地区冬季设施菠菜田中,影响NH_3和N_2O排放的主要因素为土壤水分,环境温度不是此研究中影响气体排放的主要因素.因此,畜禽养殖固体废弃物经过不同处理后作为有机肥施入菠菜田,SC处理的菠菜可保证产量的同时,减少NH_3挥发和N_2O排放损失.     

两种菠菜累积硝酸盐特性差异的研究

水培试验结果表明，日本超能菠菜生长后期的生长量较大，硝酸盐累积量较低，氮素吸收量较少，可以肯定其优良性；在生长后期供给等量硝、铵态氮的条件下，日本超能菠菜吸收硝态氮较少，还原硝酸盐的相对能力又较高，因而累积硝酸盐较宁夏圆叶菠菜低；在仅供给铵态氮源的条件下，日本超能菠菜还原硝酸盐能力较小，可能与其易于吸收和利用铵态氮源有关。     

气态DDTs在菠菜和胡萝卜体内的生物富集规律

研究了在水培条件下,菠菜和胡萝卜对气态DDTs类物质的生物富集规律.结果表明,DDTs类物质主要在菠菜和胡萝卜叶部富集,并呈如下规律:W_p,p’-DDE>W_o,p,-DDE>W_p,p-DDD>W_p,p’-DDT>W_o,p’-DDT.不同DDTs在菠菜和胡萝卜体内的富集能力不同.在菠菜和胡萝卜体内,生物富集系数BCF_p,p’-DDE>BCF_o,p’-DDE>BCF_p,p’-DDD>BCF_p,p’-DDT>BCF_o,p’-DDT.气态DDT类物质在菠菜叶部的生物富集量和生物富集系数均高于胡萝卜.降解产物_p,p’-DDE和_o,p’-DDE在菠菜和胡萝卜体内的平均富集量和生物富集系数BCF值均大于其母体化合物_p,p’-DDT和_o,p’-DDT.     

Formation of methyl mercury in an aquatic macrophyte

In the nature, inorganic forms of mercury (Hg) may be transformed to the organic, very toxic, methyl-Hg. Occasionally methyl-Hg has been detected in plants, also so in the aquatic macrophyte water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), which is a popular vegetable in tropical regions. The objectives of this study were to investigate if methyl-Hg is formed and/or degraded in water spinach. Water spinach plants were exposed to inorganic Hg via spiked soil or spiked nutrient solution. Tests were performed in a climate chamber and in experimental units, one for each individual plant, that were equipped with separated shoot and root compartments. Plant tissues were analysed for total- and methyl-Hg. The results showed that methyl-Hg was accumulated in water spinach, especially in young metabolically active parts, when exposed to external inorganic Hg, even at sterilized conditions. Results also showed that methyl-Hg was formed in water spinach in the absence of external Hg, i.e., during recovery in a not Hg-spiked medium following after HgCl₂-exposure. There was however, no sign of demethylation. Summarizing, most of the Hg that is taken up by the plants is bound in the roots, but of the comparatively small amounts of Hg that reach the young growing shoots, a part will be methylated. Since the young shoots of this plant make a delicious and very appreciated vegetable, Hg in I. aquatica may contribute to human health problems.