Management of the Panzootic White‐Nose Syndrome through Culling of Bats

Abstract: The probability of persistence of many species of hibernating bats in the United States is greatly reduced by an emerging infectious disease, white‐nose syndrome (WNS). In the United States WNS is rapidly spreading and is associated with a psychrophilic fungus, Geomyces destructans. WNS has caused massive mortality of bats that hibernate. Efforts to control the disease have been ineffective. The culling of bats in hibernacula has been proposed as a way to break the transmission cycle or slow the spread of WNS. We formulated a disease model to examine the efficacy of culling to abate WNS in bat populations. We based the model dynamics on disease transmission in maternity roosts, swarms, and hibernacula, which are the arenas of contact among bats. Our simulations indicated culling will not control WNS in bats primarily because contact rates are high among colonial bats, contact occurs in multiple arenas, and periodic movement between arenas occurs. In general, culling is ineffective in the control of animal diseases in the wild.     

高压输电线路跨越建筑物工频电场研究

当高压输电线路跨越或邻近建筑物时,线路下方区域工频电场会发生不同程度的畸变,此时,传统的二维模型已无法正确描述该情况时线路下方工频电场的分布。利用自编仿真软件进行模拟,并结合实测数据,研究和分析高压输电线路跨越或邻近建筑物时线路下方的工频电场分布和变化趋势。     

乌鲁木齐冬季雾天可吸入颗粒物透射电子显微镜研究

利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对乌鲁木齐冬季雾天采集的可吸入颗粒物(PM_2.5、PM_2.5~10)的形貌特征和集聚状态进行分析。将乌鲁木齐大气可吸入颗粒物分为烟尘集合体、飞灰、矿物颗粒、硫酸盐和有机颗粒等5种单颗粒类型,并讨论了其来源。TEM分析表明,PM_2.5中烟尘集合体占14%,飞灰占7.4%,矿物颗粒占24%,硫酸盐占16.7%,有机颗粒占20.4%;PM_2.5~10 中烟尘集合体没有观察到,飞灰占4.9%,矿物颗粒占26.8%,硫酸盐占12.2%,有机颗粒占58.5%。     

油气管道周边挖掘前咨询系统建设探讨

为了解决油气管道周边挖掘施工过程中频繁发生管道失效的问题,探索能够联系有关施工相关方的挖掘前咨询渠道和方式,通过问题分析,明确施工方、管道企业、施工管理部门等相关方对挖掘前咨询的功能需求,基于已经建成的油气管道地图系统,分析了咨询平台、咨询流程、咨询信息等内容,提出了挖掘前咨询实现方式以及挖掘前咨询系统的整体架构和运行方式,并进行了实例应用。结果表明:该系统实现了油气管道周边挖掘前咨询功能,有助于建立联系施工相关方的管道保护机制。     

天津市采暖季PM2.5组分消光特性及来源分析

为了解天津市采暖季细颗粒物组分对能见度的影响、明确消光组分来源,对天津市2017年采暖季大气PM_2.5样品进行了为期一月的连续采集,并测定水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳的含量,通过修正IMPROVE方程研究了细颗粒物消光特性,并采用主成分分析—多元线性回归模型(PCA-MLR)对其来源进行解析,同时应用潜在源贡献因子(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(CWT)明确PM_2.5质量浓度的潜在污染源区域。结果表明,OC、EC以及SNA(NO3^?、NH₄⁺、SO₄^2?)的生成和积累对于能见度的下降具有重要影响,且能见度随SOR和NOR二次转化程度的升高而下降;2017年天津市采暖季日均消光系数为(294.56±262.89)Mm^?1,其中OM(34.86%)、硝酸盐(22.84%)、硫酸盐(11.59%)和EC(11.54%)为主要消光组分,硝酸盐和硫酸盐的增加对于能见度的下降起主要影响作用;根据PCA分析结果可知,天津市采暖季PM_2.5中的碳组分和水溶性离子主要来源于燃煤、生物质燃烧(68%),受扬尘(22%)和海盐(8%)的影响较小;区域传输分析结果表明天津市采暖季PM_2.5污染源潜在区域主要分布在河北中西部、河南北部、山西北部和内蒙古中部、西部。     

Can we migrate COVID-19 spreading risk?

It is well recognized that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus could be spread through touch and large droplets. However, we may have under-estimated the disease transmission by small droplets or aerosols that contain SARS-CoV-2 virus. Social distancing in public transport vehicles, such as airplanes, is not feasible. It is also not possible to wear masks in restaurant. This paper recommended wearing masks in airplanes and use partition screens in the middle of a table in a restaurant to reduce the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. Advanced ventilation systems, such as personalized ventilation and displacement ventilation, are strongly recommended for transport vehicles and buildings.     

Aerosol transmission,an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread: case study of a department-store cluster

• Aerosol transmission is an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread. • Different outbreak sites have different epidemiologic feature. • SRAS-CoV-2 can exist for a long time in aerosol. • SRAS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in aerosol in diverse places. • Some environmental factors can impact SARS-CoV-2 transportation in aerosol. Patients with COVID-19 have revealed a massive outbreak around the world, leading to widespread concerns in global scope. Figuring out the transmission route of COVID-19 is necessary to control further spread. We analyzed the data of 43 patients in Baodi Department Store (China) to supplement the transmission route and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in a cluster outbreak. Incubation median was estimated to endure 5.95 days (2–13 days). Almost 76.3% of patients sought medical attention immediately upon illness onset. The median period of illness onset to hospitalization and confirmation were 3.96 days (0–14) and 5.58 days (1–21), respectively. Patients with different cluster case could demonstrate unique epidemiological characteristics due to the particularity of outbreak sites. SRAS-CoV-2 can be released into the surrounding air through patient’s respiratory tract activities, and can exist for a long time for long-distance transportation. SRAS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in aerosol in different sites, including isolation ward, general ward, outdoor, toilet, hallway, and crowded public area. Environmental factors influencing were analyzed and indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 transportation in aerosol was dependent on temperature, air humidity, ventilation rate and inactivating chemicals (ozone) content. As for the infection route of case numbers 2 to 6, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20 and 23, we believe that aerosol transmission played a significant role in analyzing their exposure history and environmental conditions in Baodi Department Store. Aerosol transmission could occur in some cluster cases when the environmental factors are suitable, and it is an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread.     

高压输电线铁塔地震时程弹性数值模拟

地震对高压输电线铁塔的安全性能有重要影响。通过建立高压输电线铁塔模型,采用有限元方法对受7级和8级地震影响的高压输电线铁塔的力学行为进行数值模拟与分析。计算结果表明:在地震作用下高压输电线铁塔t=3-4s时加速度最大,其应力也相应较大;在7级地震时最大应力值远小于材料的许可应力,高压输电线铁塔在7级地震过程中是安全的,但是8级地震时,最大应力值已经达到234MPa,超过Q345许可应力230MPa,高压线铁塔就处于不安全运行状态。     

纳米金颗粒进入梨形四膜虫体内的方式及其分布

以梨形四膜虫为模式动物,研究水体中的纳米金颗粒进入生物体的方式、分布及其生物学效应.实验中所采用的纳米金颗粒平均粒径为13 nm,分散均匀.透射电镜结果表明,纳米金颗粒可以通过口沟（进食）和细胞膜（内吞）两种方式进入梨形四膜虫体内;纳米金颗粒进入梨形四膜虫体内后,主要分布在食物泡中,另外细胞质和细胞核（大核）中也含有少量的纳米金颗粒.同时,研究表明在实验所用的浓度范围内,纳米金颗粒对梨形四膜虫无明显毒性.     

高压输电线路环境影响评价模拟类比研究

本文按照《规范》对高压输电线路工程环境影响评价模拟类比的说明,结合对输电线路下方形成的工频电磁场和无线电干扰值的理论计算,通过分析影响线路下方工频电磁场、无线电干扰强度及空间分布的因素,总结出几点关于类比线路选取方面的经验,为今后电磁环评中模拟类比线路的选择提供依据和参考。