镉诱导长江华溪蟹肝胰腺细胞凋亡研究

应用显微与亚显微技术和琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法,研究了不同浓度Cd2+(0、7.25、14.50、29.00、58.00和116.00mg·L-1)处理不同时间(24、48、72和96h)对长江华溪蟹(Sinopotamon yangtsekiense)肝胰腺细胞凋亡的影响.结果显示,29.00mg·L-1Cd2+处理48h,光镜下肝胰腺细胞凋亡主要表现为染色质不规则凝聚、固缩和边集;58.00mg·L-1Cd2+处理72h,细胞核碎裂,形成凋亡小体;116mg·L-1Cd2+处理96h,出现坏死细胞;电镜下48h和72h处理组肝胰腺细胞呈现典型的细胞凋亡特征,与光镜检测结果一致,具体表现为核边集、核膜折叠、核裂解形成凋亡小体.琼脂糖凝胶电泳图谱中48和72h处理组出现凋亡细胞所特有的DNA梯状条带,58.00mg·L-1Cd2+处理72h后条带尤为清晰.随着Cd2+浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,肝胰腺中凋亡细胞所占比例呈现先升后降的趋势,凋亡指数的变化表现出显著的剂量和时间效应关系.研究表明,镉能够诱导长江华溪蟹肝胰腺出现细胞凋亡.细胞凋亡的检测及凋亡指数的变化能够灵敏地反映出镉对水生动物的胁迫程度及毒性大小,可作为水生态环境镉污染的生物评估指标.     

Effects of sterilization treatments on the analysis of TOC in water samples

Decomposition experiments conducted with and without microbial processes are commonly used to study the effects of environmental microorganisms on the degradation of organic pollutants.However,the effects of biological pretreatment (sterilization) on organic matter often have a negative impact on such experiments.Based on the principle of water total organic carbon (TOC) analysis,the effects of physical sterilization treatments on determination of TOC and other water quality parameters were investigated.The results revealed that two conventional physical sterilization treatments,autoclaving and 60 Co γ-radiation sterilization,led to the direct decomposition of some organic pollutants,resulting in remarkable errors in the analysis of TOC in water samples.Furthermore,the extent of the errors varied with the intensity and the duration of sterilization treatments.Accordingly,a novel sterilization method for water samples,0.45 μm micro-filtration coupled with ultraviolet radiation (MCUR),was developed in the present study.The results indicated that the MCUR method was capable of exerting a high bactericidal effect on the water sample while significantly decreasing the negative impact on the analysis of TOC and other water quality parameters.Before and after sterilization treatments,the relative errors of TOC determination could be controlled to lower than 3% for water samples with different categories and concentrations of organic pollutants by using MCUR.     

Real-time fluorescent quantitative immuno-PCR method for determination of fluoranthene in water samples with a molecular beacon

A reliable and sensitive competitive real-time fluorescent quantitative immuno-PCR (RTFQ-IPCR) assay using a molecular beacon was developed for the determination of trace fluoranthene (FL) in the environment. Under optimized assay conditions, FL can be determined in the concentration range from 1 fg/mL to 100 ng/mL, with y = 0.194x + 7.859, and a correlation coe cient of 0.967 was identified, with a detection limit of 0.6 fg/mL. Environmental water samples were successfully analyzed, recovery was between 90% and 116%, with intra-day relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.7%–12.8% and inter-day RSD of 8.4%–15.2%. The results obtained from RTFQ-IPCR were confirmed by ELISA, showing good accuracy and suitability to analyze FL in field samples. As a highly sensitive method, the molecular beacon-based RTFQ-IPCR is acceptable and promising for providing reliable test results to make environmental decisions.     

Bioaccumulation of cadmium bound to humic acid by the bivalve Meretrix meretirx Linnaeus from solute and particulate pathways

Humic acid is an important pool of heavy metals in sediments.Generally,the presence of refractory humic matter in aquatic systems would decrease the bioavailability of Cd and hence control the bioaccumulation of Cd in benthic animals.In the present work,we applied a suspending system to determine the relative importance of particulate and dissolved fractions of humic acid as Cd sources for the bivalve Meretrix meretrix and to investigate the difference of bioaccumulation characteristics of Cd adsorbed on di...     

含钛高炉渣制光催化剂降解水中2,4-二氯酚的研究

以攀钢含钛高炉渣为原料制备了光催化剂,并将其用于降解水中2,4-二氯酚,研究了光催化剂投加量、光照强度、反应物浓度、反应时间对2,4-二氯酚降解率的影响。结果表明:高炉渣制光催化剂对2,4-二氯酚具有良好的光催化效果,在催化剂投加量为0.3g/L,光照时间为2h的条件下,浓度为50mg/L的2,4-二氯酚的降解率达到了77.1%。通过反应的动力学分析,确立出高炉渣制光催化剂对水中2,4-二氯酚的降解反应为一级反应。对2,4-二氯酚的光催化降解产物进行分析发现,苯环上的C—Cl键被光催化剂产生的羟自由基·OH氧化断裂,氯取代基成为游离Cl-存在于溶液中,2,4-二氯酚被·OH降解生成中间小分子有机产物,这些小分子有机物再进一步被光催化降解。     

含氚硅胶密封包装实验研究

文章针对含氚硅胶,设计了双层桶密封包装容器,即以镀膜铝桶为初始包装,内衬高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)不锈钢桶为外包装容器。含氚硅胶在镀膜铝桶内用环氧树脂浇注固定,密封;铝桶放入衬HDPE不锈钢外桶,间隙蛭石填充,垫圈密封。含氚硅胶包装桶氚释气率测量结果表明,20天内日均释氚率为4.62×10-5%;浸出实验结果表明,108天内氚日均浸出率远小于10-3%,满足氚废物包装的相关要求。     

不锈钢-铝电极电絮凝处理含铜废水的试验研究

采用不锈钢-铝为电极的电絮凝法对含铜废水进行了处理试验研究,模拟废水铜离子浓度为150 mg/L,以废水中的铜离子浓度和COD去除率为考察指标,在电流密度为15 mA/cm2、极板间距为3 cm、pH值为7、电解时间为120 min的条件下,Cu2+的去除率平均能达到99%以上,COD的去除率亦能达到97%;在此基础上,应用于实际的电路板腐蚀液废水的处理试验,发现Cl-浓度在200 mg/L以上时,对废水先进行相关预处理也能达到较好的处理效果,该研究对进一步探讨Cl-对电絮凝的影响机理有一定的借鉴意义。     

种植密度对镉锌污染土壤伴矿景天植物修复效率的影响

田间微区试验研究了不同种植密度对伴矿景天生长和地上部重金属吸收量的影响.结果表明,适度增大种植密度可促进伴矿景天的生长,显著提高其地上部生物量,但过分密植对植物地上部增产无显著贡献.种植密度由11万株/hm2上升到44万株/hm2时,伴矿景天地上部Cd、Zn吸取量显著上升,分别由0.208 kg.hm-2上升至0.631 kg.hm-2、13.2 kg.hm-2上升至58.7kg.hm-2;但种植密度从44万株/hm2增大到100万株/hm2时,植物地上部重金属吸取量并无显著提高.伴矿景天种植密度为44万株/hm2时,在Cd、Zn分别为(3.04±0.11)mg.kg-1和(1 299±96)mg.kg-1的污染土壤上种植1 a,对镉锌的修复效率分别达21.1%和4.60%,表明选择适宜的密度种植伴矿景天有利于增大植物地上部Cd、Zn吸取量,从而缩短修复时限.     

石墨炉原子吸收法连续测定西丽水库支流中的痕量铜、铅、镉

采用长寿命石墨管,应用塞曼效应扣除背景,在测定铜金属中无任何基体改进剂及测定铅、镉金属中加入2.5%的NH4H2PO4作为基体改进剂,提出用石墨炉原子吸收法连续测定西丽水库支流中铜、铅、镉金属的舍量的方法.结果表明,该方法简便、快速、准确,结果令人满意.     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.