氟化铵制备氟化钙最优条件研究

试验采用氟化铵与石灰石粉、石灰乳反应制取氟化钙,研究了反应温度、物料浓度、物料过量系数等各主要参数变化对氟化钙结晶、过滤速度、氟收率及其含量的影响,摸索出最优反应条件。     

低盐度胁迫对鲻鱼(Mugil cephalus)幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

将驯化后的鲻鱼(Mugil cephalus)幼鱼分别放在盐度为20、15、10、5、0(表示为S20、S1 5、S1 0、S5、S0)的条件下饲养20 d,测定鲻鱼幼鱼在不同盐度下,不同时间段(0 d、5 d、10 d、15 d、20 d)其耗氧率、排氨率及O/N的变化情况。结果表明,在实验第5 d,鲻鱼幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率均随盐度降低而减小,盐度0实验组最低。在实验第5 d~10 d,S0、S5、S10实验组排氨率变化显著(P0.05),而耗氧率则没有显著变化(P0.05)。在实验的第10d各盐度组之间的耗氧率已没有显著的差异性(P0.05),而排氨率则在实验的第20 d才没有显著的差异性(P0.05),表现出一定的滞后性。随着实验时间的延长,相同盐度下鲻鱼幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率均逐渐下降,鲻鱼幼鱼体重的变化可能是其主要影响因子。对鲻鱼幼鱼O/N分析表明,各盐度组的O/N比值维持在0~10的范围,表明此盐度范围蛋白质是鲻鱼幼鱼的主要能源物质。     

我国战略石油安全储备最优规模问题研究

在分析我国石油储备现状的基础上,以社会福利最大化为目标,通过建立静态局部均衡模型,并结合我国石油储备实际数据对模型进行参数估计和数值模拟计算,以求得我国最优的战略石油安全储备规模。结果表明:在目前我国石油进口需求价格弹性较小的情况下,应对十年一遇的石油进口中断危机最优的战略石油安全储备规模为80天进口量,而面对规模更大的石油进口危机则需要更多的石油安全储备量。     

准好氧填埋工艺垃圾重金属的污染特征

针对某准好氧填埋场,分析了填埋1~5年的陈垃圾及其浸出液中重金属的含量变化,并进行了污染风险评价,结果表明,垃圾中重金属含量随填埋时间的延长呈现一定的增加趋势,且导气管附近(0 m)垃圾样品重金属含量整体要高于距离导气管较远处(15 m)的样品中重金属含量。重金属As、Cd和Hg严重超过GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》三级标准限值,重金属Zn、Pb和Cr均未超过标准限值。垃圾浸出液中,重金属Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Cr含量均低于地表水环境质量标准的限值(Ⅱ类)。而Hg浓度超标,为标准限值的34倍~68倍(0 m)和38倍~90倍(15 m)。在污染指数评价中,内罗梅综合污染指数均大于3,为重度污染。     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

Enhanced struvite recovery from wastewater using a novel cone-inserted fluidized bed reactor

The feasibility of struvite recovery at low （12.5 mg/L） and high （120 mg[L） phosphorus concentrations was studied by constructing a novel fluidized bed reactor with cones （FBRwc） and without cones （FBRwoc）. The crystallization process was continuously operated for 133 days under different hydraulic retention times （HRT = 1-10 hr）, pH （7.5-10）, and molar ratios of Mg/P （0.75-1.75）, N/P （1-10） and Ca/Mg （0-2）. The optimum operating conditions of HRT, pH, Mg/P and N/P molar ratios were found to be 2 hr, 9, 1.25, and 7.5, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the phosphorus precipitation efficiencies of FBRwc were 93% for low and 98% for high phosphorus influent; however, the efficiencies were 78% and 81% for FBRwoc, respectively. Due to crystal losses at each junction （17%-31%）, the crystal recovery efficiency of FBRwoc was relatively low （47%-65%） for both influent concentrations. However, the losses were minimal in FBRwc, which showed 75% and 92% crystal recovery for low and high phosphorus concentrations, respectively. At low calcium concentration, crystal chemical analysis showed the product to be pure struvite （〉 99%）. The scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction results further confirmed that the crystal recovered from FBRwc contained pure struvite, which could be considered a high quality fertilizer. Except HRT, all parameters （pH, Mg/P, N/P and Ca/Mg） were found to be influencing factors for FBRwc performance. Overall, inserting cones in each part of the reactor played a significant role in enhancing struvite recovery from a wide range of phosphorus-containing wastewater.     

Aerobic granules cultivated and operated in continuous-flow bioreactor under particle-size selective pressure

A novel method based on the selective pressure of particle size （particle-size cultivation method, PSCM） was developed for the cultivation and operation of aerobic granular sludge in a continuous-flow reactor, and compared with the conventional method based on the selective pressure of settling velocity （settling-velocity cultivation method, SVCM）. Results indicated that aerobic granules could be cultivated in continuous operation mode by this developed method within 14 days. Although in the granulation process, under particle-size selective pressure, mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） in the reactor fluctuated greatly and filamentous bacteria dominated the sludge system during the initial operation days, no obvious difference in profile was found between the aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM and SVCM. Moreover, aerobic granules cultivated by PSCM presented larger diameter, lower water content and higher specific rates of nitrification, denitrifieation and phosphorus removal, but lower settling velocity. Under long term operation of more than 30 days, aerobic granules in the continuous-flow reactor could remain stable and obtain good chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH4^＋-N, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） removal. The results indicate that PSCM was dependent on the cultivation and maintenance of the stability of aerobic granules in continuous-flow bioreactors.     

高絮凝活性酿酒酵母菌株筛选及其培养条件研究

从实验室保藏菌种中筛选到1株具有高絮凝活性的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)菌株,利用其发酵液进行絮凝实验,结果表明:该絮凝剂对4 g/L、pH为7的高岭土悬浊液有很好的絮凝效果;该菌株产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件:碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为蛋白胨,培养温度为30℃,初始pH值为5.5,液体震荡培养96 h后絮凝率最高可达92.6%。     

半纤维素降解菌J-16的筛选及产酶特性研究

从腐烂竹子表面采集样品经初筛、复筛获得1株半纤维素高效降解菌。采用半纤维素平板水解圈法和胞外酶测定法进行菌株筛选,利用培养特征形态学生理生化特征和分子生物学方法进行菌株鉴定,并对产酶特性和酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明,该菌株初步鉴定为类芽胞杆菌属细菌,命名为Paenibacillus sp.J-16,最适碳源和氮源分别为麸皮(20 g/L)和豆粕(15 g/L),在初始pH值为6.5,装液量为50 mL,32℃条件下180 r/min培养60 h,酶活性达到192.6 U/mL。该菌株的获得为采用生物法降解半纤维素的研究与应用提供了实践依据。     

二氧化硫还原法处理含铬废水最佳工艺条件研究

试验采用自主研发设计的二氧化硫还原连续反应处理高浓度含铬废水的工艺,研究了二氧化硫还原反应时不同pH值、反应时间、反应温度和硫磺投料量对含铬废水中六价铬污染物的治理效果。结果表明:当二氧化硫还原反应条件控制在pH值为2~4、反应温度为40~60℃、硫磺投料量为理论反应所需投料量的1.2倍、反应时间为40min时,可使高浓度含铬废水中的六价铬得到有效去除。