印染废水处理的工艺选择

纺织印染行业是工业废水排放大户.印染废水含有多种染料、浆料、表面活性剂等助剂,具有水量大、有机污染物浓度高、可生化性较差、色度高且多变、碱性大、水质水量变化大、成分复杂等特点.随着印染工艺和产品结构的改变,印染水质也发生了变化,印染废水的处理难度也随之加大.根据多年处理印染废水实践经验,本文总结提出:"强化生物吸附 厌氧水解酸化 好氧生化处理"工艺是比较经济适用的印染废水处理技术,并以某企业10000 m3/d印染废水处理工程为例对该工艺进行了深入的介绍.     

土壤分离菌株去除水溶液中铅离子研究

金属及微生物种类、pH和接触时间是决定生物吸附效果的关键因素.从受铅污染的土壤中分离出5株有生物吸附铅离子能力的菌株,并鉴定吸附能力最强的菌株1为芽孢杆菌;试验了pH、接触时间和初始铅离子浓度对该芽孢杆菌生物吸附铅的影响,在温度为25℃时,pH值3.0、初始铅离子浓度250 mg/L、吸附时间不超过15 min有最大吸附量92.27 mg/g,此时去除率为73.82%,且25℃吸附平衡基本符合Langmuir等温模型.因此,用该芽孢杆菌生物吸附去除水溶液中铅是可行的.     

海藻酸钙固定混合SRB菌群生物吸附Ni^2＋的动力学

利用海藻酸钙为载体包埋固定化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)混合菌群,研究了固定化微生物吸附重金属镍离子的动力学特性.结果表明:固定化混合SRB菌群对Ni2 具有良好的吸附性能,最大吸附容量qm高达931.9mg(Ni2 )/g(SRB)颗粒,是一种颇具应用前景的生物吸附剂.固定化SRB吸附Ni2 的动力学过程可以用准二次动力学方程描述,整个吸附过程可以明显地分为两个阶段,即物理化学吸附阶段和生物沉淀阶段.扩散动力学研究表明,固定化颗粒的内扩散并非是唯一控制吸附速率的机制,整个吸附过程涉及到多种吸附机制.图4表3参14     

毛木耳对Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)生物吸附的动力学和吸附平衡研究

以毛木耳(Auriculariapol ytricha)子实体为生物吸附材料,研究起始pH值、反应时间、重金属浓度这3个因素对毛木耳子实体吸附Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的影响及其吸附特性.结果表明,pH是影响毛木耳子实体吸附重金属离子的主要因素,最适起始pH值为5;在10mg·L-1重金属浓度下,毛木耳子实体对Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的最大吸附率分别为94.12%、96.22%、99.94%、99.19%;准二阶动力学模型比准一阶动力学模型能更好地描述毛木耳子实体对4种重金属的吸附过程;Langmuir等温模型能较好地拟合毛木耳子实体对4种重金属的等温吸附过程;毛木耳子实体对Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的最大吸附量分别为10.09、8.36、23.57和3.64mg.g-1;毛木耳子实体吸附Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+的化学反应机理可能为离子交换反应.     

Biosorption of copper and zinc by immobilised and free algal biomass, and the effects of metal biosorption on the growth and cellular structure of Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from rivers in Penang, Malaysia

In this study, the biosorption of copper and zinc ions by Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. isolated from local environments in Malaysia was investigated in a batch system and by microscopic analyses. Under optimal biosorption conditions, the biosorption capacity of Chlorella sp. for copper and zinc ions was 33.4 and 28.5 mg/g, respectively, after 6 hr of biosorption in an immobilised system. Batch experiments showed that the biosorption capacity of algal biomass immobilised in the form of sodium alginate beads was higher than that of the free biomass. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses revealed that copper and zinc were mainly sorbed at the cell surface during biosorption. Exposure to 5 mg/L of copper and zinc affected both the chlorophyll content and cell count of the algal cells after the first 12 hr of contact time.     

诱变绳状青霉吸附铀的行为研究

先后采用盐酸羟胺和紫外光辐射,对绳状青霉(Penicillium funiculosum)进行诱变,并用红外光谱分析了诱变绳状青霉细胞表面官能团的变化,采用静态吸附试验研究了铀溶液的pH、温度、初始铀浓度、吸附时间、菌体投加量等因素对其吸附铀的影响.通过对动力学模型、等温吸附模型和热力学方程进行拟合,研究了诱变绳状青霉吸附铀的行为.采用扫描电镜、能谱仪和红外光谱仪分析了吸附前后诱变绳状青霉细胞表面的形貌、化学组成和官能团结构的变化,进而探讨了吸附过程可能涉及的反应机理.结果表明,诱变绳状青霉在pH=6时吸附铀的效果最好,8h即达到吸附平衡,最大吸附量为200mg·g-1,对铀的吸附为细胞表面的缔合—OH、—CHO、不饱和键、—NH2、—PO43-等与铀的配位络合反应.     

Copper biosorption on immobilized seaweed biomass： Column breakthrough characteristics

The biosorption of copper by the brown seaweed Sargassum baccularia,immobilized onto polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)gel beads, was investigated with fixed-bed experiments.Laboratory-scale column tests were performed to determine breakthrough curves with varying flow rates and feed concentrations.A theoretical fixed-bed model,known as the Bohart-Adams equation,was evaluated in simulating the experimental breakthrough curves.The Bohart-Adams model qualitatively predicted the breakthrough trends.PVA- immobilized seaweed biomass beads were amenable to efficient regeneration with aqueous solution containing the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA).The biosorbent retained most of its original uptake capacity over three cycles of use.The excellent reusability of the biosorbent could lead to the development of a viable metal remediation technology.     

丁二酸改性茶油树木屑吸附铀的研究

为了探究丁二酸改性对茶油树木屑吸附铀的促进作用,将茶油树木屑经过粉碎、筛分、碱化和酸化等前处理后,再利用丁二酸对茶油树木屑作改性处理.红外分析表明改性后木屑内部的化学基团中增加了羧基、酯基;扫描电镜可知,改性后的茶油树木屑由致密平直的条状结构变为疏松褶皱的叶片状结构,说明改性作用增加木屑内部的空隙.通过静态吸附实验,考察了吸附反应时间、木屑用量、p H值、温度、以及溶液初始浓度等因素对茶油树木屑改性前后吸附铀的影响;结果表明,茶油树木屑经丁二酸改性后对铀吸附效果明显提高,在12.5 mg·L-1的铀溶液中约提高了20%.改性和未改性的茶油树木屑对铀的吸附都在180 min内达到平衡,并且都符合准二级动力学模型.改性和未改性茶油树木屑对铀的吸附等温线都符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型.且由Langmuir等温方程计算可知,在35℃、p H=4.0条件下,改性后的茶油树木屑对铀的最大吸附容量(Qm)由21.413 3 mg·g-1提高到31.545 7 mg·g-1.     

Removal,adsorption and desorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by filamentous fungi: Rhizopusarrhizus and Cunninghamella elegans in batch system

PCP was, and in some countries still is, one of the most frequently used fungicides and pesticides, specially in wood preservation. The extensive use is correlated with contamination of water and soil and it is detected in several compartments of the food chain.

Some Micromycetes are able to adsorb and degrade PCP, with two mechanisms involved: biosorption (including both adsorption and absorption) and biodegradation.

Our work is focused on the biosorption alone and biodegradation‐biosorption of PCP by respectively denatured and living R.arrhizus and C.elegans fungi.

Living fungi are cultivated in batch system and denaturation is obtained by drying (70°C) and grinding the fungi to a calibrated powder (200–400 μm). Kinetic studies are performed with 10 mg/1 PCP initial concentration. Adsorption capacity is measured at equilibrium concentration as high as about 400 mg/1 PCP.

The results show that: PCP adsorption, for the two fungi, follows a two steps process. R. arrhizus dead and living biomasses are able to bind respectively, 75 and 55% of a 10 mg/1 PCP initial concentration in 1 hour contact time and then 75 and 100% in 96 hours. For C.elegans, 70 and 28% in 1 hour and in 96 hours 70 and 90%, respectively.

The PCP binding by living fungi is higher than non living ones, but with a slower rate.

The maximum PCP adsorption capacity is about 24 mg/g of R.arrhizus dried biomasses and 16 mg/g for C.elegans ones, in 48 hours contact time. Isotherm curves follow the Langmuir model.

Desorption studies with methanol (to reuse biomasses) shows that it is a rapid phenomenon (about 100% in 24 hours for the two fungi).

An industrial and economical process to depollute contaminated water by PCP is possible by using cheap fungal by‐products from fermentation industries.     

葛根去除水溶液中亚甲基蓝的生物吸附机理和特性

对农副产品葛根吸附水溶液中亚甲基蓝的特性和机理进行了一系列的研究。考察了不同条件对吸附效果的影响;采用2种等温线模型和3种动力学模型对吸附机理和动力学特性进行了模拟分析,并计算了相关的热力学函数。结果发现,溶液pH值等实验条件对吸附效果有较大的影响;Langmuir方程能很好地描述其吸附等温线,吸附是一个符合二级动力学过程的物理吸附;热力学函数计算结果显示,此吸附是一个自发的放热过程。在3种不同温度下,由Langmuir方程计算的最大吸附量为98.23、91.04和87.28 mg/g,表明葛根是一种良好的,具有一定发展潜力的染料吸附剂。