由不可逆过程热力学线性关系推导的传质方程

本文用不可逆过程势力学线性关系式，推导出了在不同盐平均浓度下的一系列线性关系式，这些关系式与采用不同高聚物膜，不同盐浓度所做的反渗透实验结果符合得很好。     

Modelling Thiocyanate Adsorption onto Surfactant-Modified Coir Pith, an Agricultural Solid ‘Waste’

Thiocyanate (SCN⁻) is used in many industrial processes and is found in industrial wastewaters. Adsorptive removal of thiocyanate by surfactant-modified coir pith, an unwanted byproduct of coir fibre industry was studied. Cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was used as modifier. Optimum pH for maximum adsorption of SCN⁻ was found to be 2.0. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms were used to model the adsorption equilibrium data and the system followed all the three isotherms and the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 8.6 mg g⁻¹. Kinetic studies show that the adsorption obeyed second order. Desorption studies showed that upto 90% recovery of SCN⁻ from the spent adsorbent was feasible. Effect of foreign anions on the adsorption of SCN⁻ was also examined.     

Thermodynamic Controls on Quality of Water From Underground Coal Mines in Colorado1

ABSTRACT: Water samples collected from 14 underground coal mines in Colorado were analyzed for major dissolved constituents. The data indicate the water quality of 13 of the samples has developed by the interaction of calcite saturated ground water with sodium rich marine shales. Those samples that displayed evidence of being most completely reacted were composed almost entirely of sodium and bicarbonate ions and had a calcium to sodium activity ratio of 0.16, similar to that of seawater. The one sample that was not saturated with respect to calcite was saturated with respect to gypsum. The dissolved solids concentration attainable by dissolution of gypsum is much less than that attainable by the calcite marine shale equilibration, or approximately 2,500 milligrams per liter. By considering the maximum predicted concentrations of dissolved solids in relation to promulgated water quality criteria, it is possible to predict the hazards of reuse of this mine drainage. The primary problems would be damage or destruction of crops if the drainage water was used for irrigation. In addition, some samples contained concentrations of chloride and sulfate in excess of recommended standards for public water supplies.     

改性颗粒活性炭对水中溴酸根的吸附特性研究

采用阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)改性颗粒活性炭以提高活性炭对溴酸根的吸附能力.通过小试研究了改性颗粒活性炭(GAC-CPC)对溴酸根的吸附特性,考察了BrO-3初始浓度、pH、共存阴离子等因素对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,CPC改性能显著提高GAC对BrO-3的吸附能力,吸附量随着初始浓度升高而增大;在碱性条件下GAC-CPC对BrO-3的吸附量减小;共存阴离子与BrO-3在GAC-CPC上存在竞争吸附,其影响顺序为:NO-3SO2-4PO3-4CO2-3.用准一级、准二级和颗粒内扩散动力学模型拟合GAC-CPC吸附BrO-3的动力学过程,结果表明,准二级动力学能更好的描述吸附过程,且孔扩散可能是改性GAC吸附BrO-3初始阶段的主要速率控制因素.用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型拟合不同温度下BrO-3的吸附平衡过程,结果表明,Langmuir等温吸附模型能很好的描述吸附平衡过程,GAC-CPC吸附BrO-3的过程是自发且放热的,温度升高不利于吸附.     

生物炭对西北黄土吸附壬基酚的影响

以壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)为目标污染物,采用批量实验法研究其在添加不同温度制备的小麦秸秆生物炭的黄土中的吸附动力学、吸附热力学,以及粒径、pH等影响因素.结果表明,不添加生物炭黄土吸附NP的快反应时间为10 h,而加入生物炭后,黄土对NP吸附的快反应时间缩短,为6 h;且快反应阶段添加生物炭黄土明显比不添加生物炭黄土对NP的吸附量多,但碳化温度不同的生物炭在此阶段吸附量差别较小.黄土和添加生物炭黄土对NP的吸附平衡时间均为16 h且符合准二级动力学模型.无论是否添加生物炭,NP在黄土上的热力学吸附过程都较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,符合L-型吸附等温模式;随着系统温度的升高,黄土和添加生物炭的黄土对NP的饱和吸附量都呈增大趋势;NP的吸附自由能ΔGθ0,焓变ΔHθ0,熵变ΔSθ0,表明此吸附是一个自发吸热且混乱程度增大的吸附过程.在同一温度下,随着生物炭碳化温度的升高,NP在添加生物炭黄土中的吸附量逐渐增大.添加生物炭黄土的粒径越小,对NP的吸附量越大.pH值为4~7时,添加生物炭黄土吸附量随pH值的增大而增加;pH为7~10时,吸附量又随pH值增大而减小;表明添加生物炭黄土在中性范围内对NP的吸附效果最好,酸性和碱性都不利于NP的吸附.     

阴离子表面活性剂改性水滑石吸附硝基苯的特性研究

以阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)为改性剂,采用共沉淀法在不同表面活性剂浓度,0.5～2.0理论阴离子交换容量(theoretical anion exchange capacity,TAEC)条件下制备了有机水滑石LDH-DS,并用XRD、FT-IR表征了样品的结构特征.结果表明十二烷基硫酸根成功插层进入LDH层间,d003底面间距由0.80 nm增大至3.98 nm.同时研究了LDH-DS对硝基苯的吸附性能,表明有机水滑石对硝基苯的等温吸附曲线符合线型方程(R2>0.99),吸附过程主要为分配作用.随着样品中SDS负载量的增加,LDH-DS对硝基苯的吸附系数Kd相应增强,但有机碳标化的吸附系数Koc值基本保持恒定.吸附热力学实验显示吸附过程为吸热反应,熵增大是吸附过程的驱动力.     

CMC固定化灭活烟曲霉小球吸附活性艳蓝KN-R——批式实验与热力学

利用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)固定化灭活烟曲霉小球对活性艳蓝KN-R溶液进行吸附脱色实验,考察了不同条件下对103.4mg·L-1活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附效果,探讨了吸附热力学.结果表明,48h内对103.4mg·L-1活性艳蓝KN-R溶液达到吸附平衡.对于吸附溶液最佳初始pH值为10.5.温度在10℃～50℃范围内时,温度越高,吸附量越大此外,CMC固定化灭活烟曲霉小球投加量为1%～5%时,随着投加量的增加吸附率由54.2%逐步增加到94.9%,而吸附量由54.7mg·g-1逐步降低到19.6mg·g-1.较高的盐度对吸附量的影响不大,NaCl浓度从0%增至3%时,吸附量仅下降了5.6mg·g-1.10℃～50℃温度范围内的热力学参数焓变(△H)值为15.343kJ·mol·K-1、熵变(△S)值为0.0607kJ·mol-1·K-1,自由能变(△G)值小于0.因此,CMC固定化灭活烟曲霉小球吸附活性艳蓝KN-R的过程是一个自发进行的吸热过程,吸附过程中染料分子在固/液界面随意运动性能增加不大     

酸甲醛改性花生壳吸附Pb2+的动力学和热力学研究

以花生壳为原料,甲醛为改性剂,对花生壳进行改性制备吸附剂,并对其吸附水溶液中Pb2+的动力学和热力学特性进行了研究.结果表明.在298 K温度下,花生壳对Pb2+的吸附符合拟二级动力学方程,颗粒内扩散过程为吸附的主要速率控制步骤.在实验温度下,改性花生壳对Pb2+的吸附平衡符合Langmuir等温方程,热力学研究表明,...     

中国区域地表和大气人为影响敏感区域分布

通过1981-2000年NOAA-AVHRR 8km*8km卫星数据,从季节和年尺度分析了人为活动对地表植被覆盖具有显著影响区域分布.在季节尺度上,人为的多季农业耕作活动,造成部分地区植被覆盖出现季节不连续性,在植被轮作季节地表物理减性和几何特征发生明显变化;在年尺度上,人类活动对区域气候的影响主要体现在造成区域地表和...     

高比表面积极性吸附树脂的制备及其对硝基苯吸附性能的研究

对聚氯甲基苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯树脂进行羟基修饰,制得羟基修饰的超高交联吸附树脂,探讨了修饰单体的加入量对硝基苯吸附量的影响.结合吸附热力学特点,对硝基苯在两种树脂上吸附过程的吸附焓变、自由能变、吸附熵变进行了理论计算,并对吸附行为进行了合理的解释.通过对硝基苯在吸附树脂上293 K、303 K和313 K温度下的吸附等温...