二氯甲烷和二氯乙烷对蛋白核小球藻的毒性影响研究

研究了二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长和生化指标的毒性效应.结果表明,二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷对蛋白核小球藻生长有影响.随着2种毒物浓度的增大,其对藻生长的抑制越明显,藻细胞密度均呈现下降的趋势.二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷抑制蛋白核小球藻生长的96 h-EC50分别为550.1 mg/L和276.0 mg/L,1,2-二氯乙烷的毒性要稍强于二氯甲烷.2种毒物联合作用时基本表现为拮抗作用.叶绿素a含量随毒物浓度增加而迅速下降,SOD和CAT的活性随毒物浓度升高呈现先升高后下降的"钟形曲线".MDA的含量随毒物浓度升高而急剧上升,膜脂过氧化加剧.表明毒物通过产生活性氧自由基引起生物大分子的氧化损伤可能是其对蛋白核小球藻产生毒性效应的主要原因.     

水平潜流人工湿地处理邻二氯苯废水研究

采用水平潜流人工湿地(SFCW)处理邻二氯苯(o-DCB)废水,构建了基质分别为壤土、 细沙和粗砂的3套芦苇湿地中试系统W-L、 W-F、 W-C和无植物的壤土湿地对照组W-Z.结果表明,最佳水力停留时间为5 d,最适表面负荷率为150 mg·(m²·d)^-1,湿地组W-L、 W-F、 W-C和W-Z对o-DCB的去除率分别为81.2%、 71.1%、 72.4%和65.2%;8月中旬湿地运行效果最好,进入10月后性能有所下降,各个湿地系统对o-DCB废水处理效果顺序为W-L>W-C>W-Z>W-F,壤土和粗砂基质具有各自的优势;o-DCB浓度和溶解氧(DO)在湿地W-L和W-Z空间分布状况表明DO有利于o-DCB降解;o-DCB残留量在各层土壤中沿水流方向递减,随深度加深而增加;在芦苇组织中呈阶梯状分布,根、 茎、 叶中平均残留值分别为30.28、 14.85和 6.18 μg·g^-1.     

MO_x-CeO_2/HZSM-5催化剂催化氧化含氯挥发性有机物研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同过渡金属掺杂的MOx-CeO2/HZSM-5（M分别表示Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cu）催化剂,研究了各催化剂对1,2-二氯乙烷（DCE）的催化降解性能.结果表明,过渡金属掺杂后,MOx-12%CeO2/HZSM-5催化剂催化氧化1,2-二氯乙烷（DCE）的活性明显提高.各催化剂（记为M-CeO...     

1-硝基芘和1, 2-萘醌的联合细胞毒性和致DNA损伤

以人肺上皮细胞A549为研究对象,运用MTT方法检测1-硝基芘(1-NP)处理后A549的细胞存活率;测定细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的漏出率,评价细胞膜损伤;运用彗星实验检测DNA损伤;通过荧光探针的方法测定细胞内产生的活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS).通过1,2-萘醌(1,2-NQ)预先染毒24 h,再使用1-NP染毒24 h的方法,评估1-NP和1,2-NQ对A549的联合细胞毒性和DNA损伤.结果表明,1-NP对A549暴露24 h和48 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为5.2μmol·L-1和2.8μmol·L-1.LC50随着染毒时间的增加而降低,提示暴露时间越长1-NP的细胞毒性越强.A549在1、2、3和4μmol·L-1浓度的1-NP染毒下,DNA损伤显著增强,ROS水平不断升高,呈现剂量-效应关系(P<0.05);但LDH漏出率无显著变化.1,2-NQ(5μmol·L-1)预染毒A549细胞24 h,能明显减弱1-NP造成的DNA损伤和ROS升高.结果说明,1,2-NQ预处理可能通过抑制1-NP暴露产生的ROS,从而降低A549的DNA的损伤.     

Development and application of methodology for determining 1,2‐dibromo‐3‐chloropropane (DBCP) in ambient air

Abstract

Ametpreviously described by Mann et al.¹ for the determination of hexachlorobenzene in air was modified to detect DBCP in air at the level of 0.02 ppb (by volume). The method utilizes Chromosorb 101 as a trapping medium with subsequent analysis of the eluted DBCP by electron capture ‐ gas chromatography. The procedure was tested using air flows of 1 1/min to 5 1/min for sampling periods of 30 min to 3 hr. Recoveries of greater than 90% were obtained for DBCP levels ranging from 0.07 ppb to 20 ppm. More than 90% of the DBCP stored on Chromosorb 101 at ambient temperature for one month was recovered. A one‐half acre field plot was sprayed with DBCP using the drench method. Air samples were taken from the breathing zone of the applicator during the mixingspraying and clean‐up procedures. Air samples were also taken periodically around the perimeter of the plot for up to 7 days after spraying.     

Oviposition stimulants for the pipevine swallowtail butterfly,Battus philenor (Papilionidae), from anAristolochia host plant: Synergism between inositols,aristolochic acids and a monogalactosyl diglyceride

Aristolochia macrophylla (Lam.) is a major host of the pipevine swallowtail butterfly,Battus philenor (L.), in the eastern United States. The female butterflies use a synergistic mixture of inositols, acids and a lipid as oviposition cues in recognizing this plant on contact. The acids and lipid, all isolated from the Et₂O-CHCl₃ fraction of an alcoholic extract of fresh foliage, were identified as aristolochic acid I (1), aristolochic acid II (2) and 1,2-[di(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9, 12, 15-trienoyl]-3-galactosyl-sn-glycerol (3). Identifications were facilitated by UV, MS (EI and FAB) and NMR (1D and 2D) spectral techniques and by analysis of the hydrolysis products of 3. The active inositols were identified as D-(+)-pinitol, reported previously, and sequoyitol. Though this is apparently the first report of oviposition responses to a diacyl glycerol glycoside by a phytophagous insect, responses to aristolochic acids and sequoyitol have been reported previously for anAristolochia-feeding swallowtail of a different genus in Japan. This indicates substantial evolutionary conservatism in chemical oviposition cues within the tribe Troidini.     

基于共沸共溶原理脱除污染土壤中1,2-二氯乙烷

原位热脱附技术通常要求对土壤加热温度高于300℃,修复能耗较高,因而限制了该技术的实际应用.本研究以1,2-二氯乙烷为对象,在加热温度较低的条件下（低于100℃）研究通过共沸共溶原理去除土壤挥发性有机污染物的可行性和效果.结果表明：①加热至95℃,单一共沸处理能有效地加速去除土壤中的1,2-二氯乙烷,在2 h内使其含量降至1.36 mg·kg^-1,去除率达到99.98%;②添加Triton X-100并加热至95℃进行共沸共溶处理,在1 h内可将土壤中的1,2-二氯乙烷含量降至1.07 mg·kg^-1,处理效果显著优于2 h单一共沸处理;③先将温度加热至95℃共沸后再添加Triton X-100进行共沸共溶处理,无法在共沸极限含量的基础上进一步降低土壤中1,2-二氯乙烷的含量,共沸共溶2 h后其含量反而上升至4.05 mg·kg^-1.研究表明,合理地使用基于共沸共溶原理的低温热脱附技术,可以有效地去除土壤中的1,2-二氯乙烷污染物.     

Oxidation reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) by Compound I model of cytochrome P450s

Alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have become prevalent as a consequence of restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). For risk assessment of these alternatives, knowledge of their metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes is needed. We have previously proved that density functional theory (DFT) is able to predict the metabolism of PBDEs by revealing the molecular mechanisms. In the current study, the reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and structurally similar chemicals with the Compound I model representing the active site of P450 enzymes was investigated. The DFT calculations delineated reaction pathways which lead to reasonable explanations for products that were detected by wet experiments, meanwhile intermediates which cannot be determined were also proposed. Results showed that alkyl hydrogen abstraction will lead to bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethanol, which may undergo hydrolysis yielding 2,4,6-tribromophenol, a neurotoxic compound. In addition, a general pattern of oxidation reactivity regarding the 2,4,6-tribromophenyl moiety was observed among several model compounds. Our study has provided insights for convenient evaluation of the metabolism of other structurally similar BFRs.     

Evaluation of methodology for determining 1,2‐dibromoethane (EDB) in ambient air

Abstract

EDB (ethylene dibromide) is of regulatory interest because it has cancer inducing properties and is a causative agent of aspermia. Methodology used in determining the extent of exposure of workers to EDB in a citrus fumigation facility was evaluated. The purpose of this effort was to develop and/or evaluate the methodology. A number of solid adsorbents were evaluated for trapping EDB. Charcoal was found to be the most efficient for this application. The influence of a number of factors, e.g., humidity, biphenyl concentration and solvents, on trapping and elution efficiency was determined. The level of sensitivity attained in these studies exceeds that necessary to monitor the proposed standard of a maximum of 1 mg/m³ for a 15 min occupational exposure.     

Unique products from the reaction of naphthalene with the hydroxyl radical

Many of the products of the reaction of naphthalene (Naph) with the OH radical in a reaction chamber were identified. Previously unidentified products included 1,2-naphthoquinone (NQ), oxygenated indenes and benzopyrones. Possible pathways for the formation of 1,2-NQ and 1,4-NQ are proposed. In the chamber reactions, more 1,2-NQ than 1,4-NQ partitioned to the particle phase. From this result we infer that, in the atmosphere, the percentage of 1,2-NQ in the particle phase should be greater than that for the 1,4-NQ. Because both of these compounds are considered to be toxic, and since they appear in both the gas and particle phases in the reaction chamber, and by implication in the atmosphere, it is considered important that both the gas and particle phases of these two compounds should be measured to assess their impact on human health.