A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)

Summary. This review summarizes the literature related to the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae and provides a brief overview of cerambycid biology, ecology, economic significance, and management. Beetles in the family Cerambycidae have assumed increasing prominence as pests of forest and shade trees, shrubs, and raw wood products, and as vectors of tree diseases. Exotic species associated with solid wood packing materials have been notable tree killers in North American urban and peri-urban forests. In forested ecosystems native species respond to disturbances such as fires and windstorms, and initiate the biodeterioration of woody tissue. Eggs are laid by females, on or through the bark surface of stem and branch tissue of moribund, recently killed or decomposing woody plants; larval cerambycids (roundheaded woodborers) typically feed in the phloem and later in the xylem. Females will also, in some cases, select living hosts, e.g. adult conifer and angiosperm trees, for oviposition. Research on the chemical ecology of over 70 species has revealed many examples of attractive kairomones (such as floral volatiles, smoke volatiles, trunk and leaf volatiles, and bark beetle pheromones), repellents and deterrents, oviposition stimulants, short- and long-range sex pheromones, and defensive substances. Emerging generalities are that attractants tend to be monoterpenoids and phenolic esters; oviposition stimulants are monoterpenoids and flavanoids; short-range sex pheromones are female-produced, methyl-branched cuticular hydrocarbons; and long-range sex pheromones are male-produced -hydroxy ketones and (,)-diols ranging in length from 6 to 10 carbons. The latter compounds appear to originate from glands in the male thorax; putative defensive substances originate from metasternal secretory pores or mandibular glands. In one unusual case, a flightless, subterranean female that attacks sugar cane produces a sex pheromone that is derived from the amino acid isoleucine. With significantly more than 35,000 species of Cerambycidae worldwide, these generalities will be subject to change as more species are examined. Addendum The authors would like to point out that the electronic version is more accurate than the printed version.     

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of term placentae suspected of mosaicism using fluorescence in situ hybridization

In first-trimester chorionic villus sampling (CVS) for prenatal diagnosis, abnormal chromosomal findings, such as mosaicism, trisomies, or suspect abnormal karyotypes, are found more frequently than at amniocentesis. The fact that these chromosomal abnormalities do not always reflect the fetal karyotype but may be restricted to the placenta is a major problem in diagnosis and counselling. In this paper we present the results of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies on interphase nuclei of three term placentae investigated because of false-positive findings at first-trimester CVS. The chorionic villi of the first case showed a mosaic chromosome pattern involving a trisomy 10 cell line and a normal cell line, those of the second case a total trisomy 8 cell line, while in the third case a complete monosomy X was found. Follow-up amniocentesis in each of these three cases revealed a normal karyotype. By using FISH, we were able to confirm the presence of the aberrant cell lines, which were all confined to one part of the placenta. FISH on interphase nuclei allows the investigation of large numbers of cells for the existence of numerical chromosome aberrations in a quick and reliable way.     

8-羟基喹啉功能化树脂HQDK-110对Hg2+的吸附性能

8-羟基喹啉对金属离子具有良好的络合性能。研究了一种8-羟基喹啉接枝DK-110的螯合型离子交换树脂HQDK-110对Hg~(2+)的吸附性能,并与DK-110树脂进行比较。考察了不同吸附时间、Hg~(2+)浓度、温度和pH值条件下两种树脂对Hg~(2+)的吸附性能和去除性能。结果表明,HQDK-110和DK-110树脂对Hg~(2+)的适宜吸附p H值为4.5左右。25℃时,HQDK-110和DK-110树脂对Hg~(2+)的吸附容量分别为2.496 mmol/g和2.290 mmol/g。HQDK-110和DK-110对Hg~(2+)的吸附过程更接近于一级动力学方程,其一级吸附动力学常数k1分别为0.009 4 min-1和0.011 8 min-1。吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。研究表明,HQDK-110对Hg~(2+)的吸附量和去除率优于DK-110,且树脂的稳定性优于DK-110,湿态树脂比干态树脂具有更好的重复使用性能。     

一株苯酚降解菌的筛选鉴定及响应面法优化其降解

从某化工厂污水处理车间活性污泥中分离、筛选到一株能以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株YH8.基于形态特征、生理生化特性、BIOLOG细菌自动鉴定系统、16S rDNA和gyrB基因序列同源性分析鉴定菌株YH8,鉴定菌株YH8为Acinetobacter guillouiae.在苯酚浓度低于1200 mg·L-1,温度为26~34℃,pH为7.0~10.0时,菌株YH8培养60 h对苯酚的降解率达70%以上.运用单因素实验初步确定苯酚降解的最适外加碳源和氮源分别为山梨醇和NaNO3,最适温度为30℃,最适初始pH为9.0,最适接种量为5%.为了提高菌株YH8的降解率,首先利用Plackett-Burman实验设计评估并筛选出影响苯酚降解的3个关键因素为初始pH、苯酚浓度、山梨醇浓度.用最陡爬坡实验逼近以上3个因子的最大响应区域,采用Box-Behnken实验设计及响应面法分析,确定其最优降解条件为初始pH 9.26、苯酚浓度1163.63 mg·L-1、山梨醇浓度7.81%、接种量5%、NaNO_3浓度2%、温度30℃、培养时间96 h,在此条件下苯酚降解率可达98.95%.苯酚降解酶活性及酶定域实验表明,菌株YH8相关降解酶为胞内酶,且苯酚可诱导苯酚羟化酶(LmPH)和邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶(C_(12)O)的合成.通过降解酶特异性引物从菌株YH8扩增得到LmPH和C12O基因片段,经质粒检测和消除实验发现菌株YH8相关降解基因位于质粒上.此外,菌株YH8能耐受高浓度NaCl和多种重金属离子,对多种抗生素具有抗性.     

Using a novel adsorbent macrocyclic compound cucurbit[8]uril for Pb removal from aqueous solution

In this study, cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) was utilized as a kind of new adsorbent to remove Pb^2 + ions from aqueous solution. With the solution pH increased from 2 to 6, the removal efficiency of adsorption increased from 55.6% to 74.5%correspondingly. The uptake of Pb^2 + increased rapidly in the initial 30 min, and then the adsorption rate became slower. The Pseudo-second order model could be used to interpret the adsorption kinetics satisfactorily; and the rate determining step in Pb^2 + adsorption onto CB[8] was the external mass transfer step. Equilibrium isotherm study reveals that the Langmuir model gave a better fitting result than Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model was 152.67 mg/g for 298 K, 149.70 mg/g for 313 K and 136.42 mg/g for 323 K, respectively. The adsorption is a spontaneous process of exothermic nature. The effect of the adsorbent dosage and the influences of solution pH and co-existing cations were also investigated. The CB[8] was synthesized and characterized by ¹H NMR, IR, ESI-MS spectra, SEM-EDAX, Zeta-potential and BET-analysis. The adsorption mechanism was due to the coordination between CB[8] molecule and Pb^2 + ions.     

制药废水生化出水的强化混凝—高级氧化深度处理组合工艺比较

采用强化混凝和高级氧化法对制药废水生化出水进行深度处理,比较了不同混凝剂、不同氧化方法（包括Na₂S₂O₈氧化、电化学氧化、Fenton/类Fenton氧化）的处理效果。实验结果表明：经聚合硫酸铁与聚丙烯酰胺强化混凝处理后,废水的COD去除率达18.5%;强化混凝与不同氧化方法联用均可使废水脱色至无色,COD去除率达70.1%~92.4%。强化混凝—电化学氧化组合工艺的出水COD为27.1 mg/L,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准限值要求,且成本较低,适于实际应用。     

城市公园的冷岛效应研究——以常州市为例

在长江三角洲地区快速城市化的常州市内研究公园组成与冷岛效应的量化关系.基于Landsat 8TIRS和天地图高分辨率遥感影像提取公园指标以及冷岛效应指标.使用辐射传输方程法反演研究区的地表温度,使用ArcGIS的缓冲区分析和分段回归的方法研究每个公园的地表温度、降温范围和降温幅度作为冷岛效应指标;提取公园的周长、面积,并计算融合指数作为公园组成指标,在天地图高清遥感影像中提取公园的绿地覆盖率、水体覆盖率、不透水面覆盖率以及乔木覆盖率作为公园地表覆盖指标.通过相关性分析和回归模型研究,发现公园的面积为26hm²、周长阈值为3600m,公园的面积和周长在阈值范围内能够发挥较强的降温效率,超过阈值则降温效率下降.公园的融合指数与冷岛效应呈线性相关关系,融合指数较小的公园能获得较大的降温幅度.公园的乔木覆盖率、水体覆盖率与公园内部的地表温度呈显著相关关系,不透水面覆盖率、绿地覆盖率与公园内部的地表温度相关性不显著.公园规划设计需要结合公园的面积、周长阈值,融合指数的数值以及乔木、水体的覆盖率,充分发挥公园的冷岛效应.     

2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁英与Aroclor 1254单独与联合作用对大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤效应(Damage Effects of Individual and Combined Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin and Aroclor 1254 on DNA in Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte of Rats)

为探讨2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并二噁英(TCDD)和多氯联苯(Aroclor 1254)联合染毒对大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA的损伤效应,将20只雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠随机均分为4组,即对照组(橄榄油)、Aroclor 1254单独染毒组(10mg·kg-1)、TCDD单独染毒组(10μg·kg-1)和联合染毒组(TCDD 10μg·kg-1+Aroclor 1254 10 mg·kg-1).大鼠每天灌胃染毒1次,连续染毒6d.染毒过程中记录大鼠的体征和体重.末次染毒后24h取外周血,分离淋巴细胞,采用碱性单细胞凝胶电泳技术(彗星试验)检测外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤,并采用CASP软件分析各组彗星的尾部DNA百分含量(Tail DNA%)、尾长(Tail Length)和尾矩(Tail Moment).结果表明,染毒结束时TCDD单独染毒和联合染毒组大鼠体重显著低于对照组,且联合染毒组表现更为明显.TCDD单独染毒组和联合染毒组大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA可见明显损伤,TailDNA%、Tail Length和Tail Moment均显著高于对照组(p<0.05),且联合染毒组大鼠细胞DNA损伤更为严重,但Arolor 1254单独染毒组大鼠未见明显DNA损伤.析因分析提示TCDD与Aroclor 1254对大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤的联合毒性效应为协同作用.本研究结果表明TCDD与Aroclor 1254联合染毒可加重大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤,在对PCBs与二噁英的混合暴露进行危险性评估时要注意这种联合毒性作用.     

四溴二苯醚对人甲状腺细胞功能的影响

为研究四溴二苯醚(BDE-47)对原代培养人甲状腺细胞功能的影响,分别用浓度为10-12、10-10和10-8mol·L-1的BDE-47处理原代人甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞(TEC)24h,采用化学发光酶联免疫检测法检测细胞上清液中甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)的浓度,半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应技术检测功能相关的Tg基因和双链复合蛋白8(Pax-8)基因的表达.结果表明,10-12、10-10mol·L-1暴露组Tg分泌量较对照组显著减少(p<0.05),而10-8mol·L-1BDE-47组Tg分泌量与对照组无显著性差异(p>0.05).甲状腺功能相关Tg基因和Pax-8基因的表达量随BDE-47浓度的增加而显著降低(p<0.05),呈明显的剂量-效应关系.以上结果提示,BDE-47对离体培养的原代人甲状腺细胞的功能具有抑制作用,甲状腺功能相关Tg基因和Pax-8基因的表达下调可能是其作用机制之一.