X80管道焊接残余应力分析与预测

针对焊接残余应力对油气管道的不利影响,采用基于有限元方法对西气东输X80 管道焊接接头的轴向和径向残余应力进行了数值模拟,并通过参数敏感性分析,研究了 焊接线能量和层间温度的对轴向残余应力和径向残余应力的影响规律。结果表明:轴向 残余应力随着焊接线能量和层间温度的升高而增大,而径向残余应力呈减小趋势;近焊 缝区的径向残余应力较中间层小,轴向残余应力较远焊缝区大。根据研究结果,提出了 最大残余应力的预测模型和减小焊接残余应力的措施,为保障我国在役X80油气管道的 安全生产具有重要意义。     

基于有限元分析的X80高钢级管道剩余强度计算公式构建

为了更加精确地计算X80高钢级管道剩余强度,以有限元分析理论基础为依据,采用ANSYS WORKBENCH软件对含腐蚀缺陷的X80高钢级管道进行仿真模拟。基于X80高钢级管道有限元模型计算结果,选用1stOpt软件,用拟合的方法构建出以腐蚀缺陷长度、腐蚀缺陷深度、管径、壁厚等因素为变量的X80高钢级管道剩余强度计算公式,将拟合公式与PCORRC,DNV RP-F101和LPC-1等3种评价方法的准确性进行对比、验证和分析。结果表明:拟合公式的误差较小,具有较好的适用性。研究结果对改进现有评价方法具有参考作用。     

Effects of microbial inoculations and surfactant levels on biologically- and chemically-assisted phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil by maize (Zea Mays L.)

Assisted phytoremediation has been widely used for decontamination of potentially toxic elements contaminated soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different microbial inoculations and surfactant levels on the phytoremediation of a Pb-polluted calcareous soil by maize. The results showed that application of surfactant increased both root and shoot dry matter yields. Microbial inoculations, however, had no significant effect on the root or shoot dry matter yield. Mean Pb uptake in maize root or shoot increased only following the application of some surfactant levels. Inoculation with microorganisms significantly increased both mean Pb concentration and uptake in maize root but not in maize shoot. Application of 4?mmol surfactant kg?1 along with inoculation with Priformospora indica was effective in increasing Pb phytostabilisation potential. While the application of 2?mmol surfactant kg^?1 along with inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens was effective in increasing Pb phytoextraction potential. The fact that the values of translocation efficiencies were low in all treatments, demonstrated the low capability of maize for translocation of Pb from root to shoot. Inoculation with P. fluorescens was the most effective treatment in increasing metal micronutrient uptake. Microbial inoculation and surfactant levels enhanced Pb phytoremediation mostly through phytostabilisation of this metal by maize.     

表面活性剂强化污泥生物淋滤Cu、Zn的研究

通过接种经Tween-80驯化培养的污泥混合硫杆菌,研究了不同浓度表面活性剂Tween-80对污泥生物淋滤过程中重金属Cu、Zn溶出效果的影响.同时探讨了Tween-80对混合硫杆菌氧化元素硫能力的影响.结果表明,投加0.5~8.0g/L Tween-80能促进硫杆菌氧化元素硫,并随着投加量的增加,元素硫的氧化率提高.但是在污泥生物淋滤实验中,随着Tween-80投加量增加,这种促进作用先加强后被抑制.Tween-80最佳投加量为6.0g/L,这时元素硫的生物氧化率显著提高,污泥酸化加快,经过8d的淋滤,Cu和Zn的淋滤效果可达到最佳,溶出率分别为91.9%和90.4%,而对照组在第10d淋滤效果达到最佳,分别为80.1%和85.2%.但是当Tween-80浓度大于6.0g/L时,硫杆菌的生长和繁殖受到抑制,使生物淋滤反应速度减缓,去除效率较低.     

Numerical simulation of PAHs sorption/desorption on soil with the influence of Tween80

In this paper, the influences of inionic surfactant Tween80 on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） sorption/desorption on artificially contaminated soil were studied, and γ model was applied to simulate the influences. Results showed that, with the use of Tween 80, the sorption behaviors of PAHs on soil altered significantly. Adsorbed Tween 80 increased the sorption amount of PAHs while the dissolved Tween80 increased the apparent solubility of PAHs. These two processes exert influences on the sorption coefficient of PAHs in soil-water system, which can be depicted by apparent sorption coefficient. The partition coefficients （the soil/water partition coefficient of PAHs and surfactants obtained fxom sorption experiments） and statistical parameters used in the amended γ model were obtained in independent experiments. With these parameters, the γ model could provide a satisfactory independent prediction of PAHs release from soil to aqueous phase at two surfactant concentrations.     

地下水中Tween80对DNAPL运移和分布的影响

选用地下环境中普遍存在的四氯乙烯（PCE）为典型DNAPLs污染物,建立二维砂箱模型,研究一种人为引入表面活性剂Tween 80对粗砂介质中DNAPLs迁移和分布的影响.测定了含不同浓度Tween 80水溶液/石英砂/PCE三相体系下的液/液界面张力及PCE在石英介质表面的接触角,结果表明PCE在石英砂表面的接触角随着Tween 80浓度的增大而增大,PCE/水的界面张力随着Tween 80浓度的增大而减小,Tween 80浓度在CMC值附近时变化急剧.随后的二维砂箱实验定量描述地下水中表面活性剂Tween 80对PCE的迁移和最终形态的影响.由于Tween 80可以使石英砂介质由水相润湿转变为中间润湿或油相润湿态,相应地在20~30目的粗砂均质介质中Tween 80对DNAPLs迁移存在明显影响.背景溶液中表面活性剂的存在使得DNAPL的垂直运移速度减小,垂向迁移距离减小,最终使得被截留在运移路径上的残留PCE增加.和纯水流情况下相比,地下水中含有表面活性物剂Tween 80时,使得DNPAL污染羽向水流方向偏移减弱,污染羽展布面积与纯水情形下相比,在垂向上均明显减小,并且以较大饱和度残留的DNAPL量增加.     

Linkages between measures of biodiversity and community resilience in Pacific Island agroforests

Designing agroecosystems that are compatible with the conservation of biodiversity is a top conservation priority. However, the social variables that drive native biodiversity conservation in these systems are poorly understood. We devised a new approach to identify social–ecological linkages that affect conservation outcomes in agroecosystems and in social‐ecological systems more broadly. We focused on coastal agroforests in Fiji, which, like agroforests across other small Pacific Islands, are critical to food security, contain much of the country's remaining lowland forests, and have rapidly declining levels of native biodiversity. We tested the relationships among social variables and native tree species richness in agroforests with structural equation models. The models were built with data from ecological and social surveys in 100 agroforests and associated households. The agroforests hosted 95 native tree species of which almost one‐third were endemic. Fifty‐eight percent of farms had at least one species considered threatened at the national or international level. The best‐fit structural equation model (R² = 47.8%) showed that social variables important for community resilience—local ecological knowledge, social network connectivity, and livelihood diversity—had direct and indirect positive effects on native tree species richness. Cash‐crop intensification, a driver of biodiversity loss elsewhere, did not negatively affect native tree richness within parcels. Joining efforts to build community resilience, specifically by increasing livelihood diversity, local ecological knowledge, and social network connectivity, may help conservation agencies conserve the rapidly declining biodiversity in the region.     

Exposing ecological and economic costs of the research‐implementation gap and compromises in decision making

The frequently discussed gap between conservation science and practice is manifest in the gap between spatial conservation prioritization plans and their implementation. We analyzed the research‐implementation gap of one zoning case by comparing results of a spatial prioritization analysis aimed at avoiding ecological impact of peat mining in a regional zoning process with the final zoning plan. We examined the relatively complex planning process to determine the gaps among research, zoning, and decision making. We quantified the ecological costs of the differing trade‐offs between ecological and socioeconomic factors included in the different zoning suggestions by comparing the landscape‐level loss of ecological features (species occurrences, habitat area, etc.) between the different solutions for spatial allocation of peat mining. We also discussed with the scientists and planners the reasons for differing zoning suggestions. The implemented plan differed from the scientists suggestion in that its focus was individual ecological features rather than all the ecological features for which there were data; planners and decision makers considered effects of peat mining on areas not included in the prioritization analysis; zoning was not truly seen as a resource‐allocation process and not emphasized in general minimizing ecological losses while satisfying economic needs (peat‐mining potential); and decision makers based their prioritization of sites on site‐level information showing high ecological value and on single legislative factors instead of finding a cost‐effective landscape‐level solution. We believe that if the zoning and decision‐making processes are very complex, then the usefulness of science‐based prioritization tools is likely to be reduced. Nevertheless, we found that high‐end tools were useful in clearly exposing trade‐offs between conservation and resource utilization.     

DNAPL在透镜体及表面活性剂作用下的运移研究

选择四氯乙烯(PCE)作为典型重非水相液体(DNAPLs)污染物,进行PCE在二维砂箱中的运移及修复实验,采用一种改进光透法探讨DNAPL在含不同透镜体非均质含水层中的运移和饱和度分布特性.在此基础上,考察非离子表面活性剂(吐温80)对DNAPL的原位冲洗修复效果.结果表明,在模拟天然地下水流条件下,当PCE运移到达各透镜体时,PCE均未进入透镜体而是在其上方聚集形成污染池,然后逐渐侧向扩散,即使在较粗透镜体(20/30目和40/60目石英砂按 1:1质量比例混合)上也无法进入.吐温80对PCE的修复效果显著,冲洗58h后,94.2%的PCE被去除.表面活性剂的引入能够减小PCE和水的界面张力,界面张力的减小量可达38.8dyn/cm,相应各透镜体上覆界面处的毛细压力水头值会有不同程度的减小,在较粗透镜体上的PCE可以穿透透镜体并继续向下运移.透镜体的毛细截留作用会限制修复后期的修复效率,修复75,3520min的修复效率分别为0.63,0.05g/g,其中较粗透镜体上截留的PCE相对其他较细透镜体容易移出.     

吐温80与氢氧化钠耦合污泥溶胞及生物水解酸化特性研究

采用吐温80与氢氧化钠耦合进行污泥溶胞,当污泥溶胞时间为15min时,污泥上清液中蛋白质与DNA浓度较初始上清液中分别提高了32.5倍和15.8倍,显示细胞壁已得到有效破解,胞内的蛋白质与DNA溶出进入水相。而且,溶胞后污泥的水解酸化过程中挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)和氨氮产量随着吐温80浓度的增大和酸化时间的延长而增加,这表明吐温80的加入促进了水解酸化菌对蛋白质和碳水化合物的分解。酸化进行24h时,不同条件下系统的pH均达到7.4左右,此后系统进入稳定运行阶段。