电弧防护服性能测试及影响因素研究

针对电力行业电弧引发的事故,电弧防护服相关标准开始制定并逐步完善。现有电弧防护性能的标准测试方法包括开弧测试和盒式测试,针对不同形式的电弧,测试方式仍在不断发展。电弧防护性能的最常用的衡量指标是电弧热性能值ATPV。对于不同工作场所电弧服的选择是基于对工作现场的危害评级。最后文章总结了电弧防护服性能影响因素的研究,包括电弧防护性、热湿舒适性和作业适应性。未来的电弧防护服的开发会朝向更安全、低成本、更舒适的方向进行。     

An assessment on the recycling opportunities of wastes emanating from scrap metal processing in Mauritius

This paper presents an assessment on the wastes namely slag, dust, mill scale and sludge resulting from scrap metal processing. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that there are various ways via which scrap metal processing wastes can be reused or recycled in other applications instead of simply diverting them to the landfill. These wastes are briefly described and an overview on the different areas of applications is presented. Based on the results obtained, the waste generation factor developed was 349.3 kg per ton of steel produced and it was reported that slag represents 72% of the total wastes emanating from the iron and steel industry in Mauritius. Finally the suitability of the different treatment and valorisation options in the context of Mauritius is examined.     

Numerical analysis of keyhole geometry and temperature profiles in plasma arc welding

In keyhole plasma arc welding (PAW), the formation of the keyhole involves complicated thermo-physical mechanism. The shape and dimensions of the keyhole directly determine the heat deposition along the thickness direction of the test plates, the penetration depth and the weld bead quality. Based on analysis of the forces acting on the weld pool, a keyhole model is established according to the force-balance condition on the keyhole wall. The shape and dimensions of quasi-steady state keyhole are numerically predicted. The keyhole shape and size are used to calibrate some distribution parameters of the combined volumetric heat source which takes into consideration the geometrical feature of welds with larger ratio of penetration depth to width and volumetric distribution characteristic of the plasma heat intensity along the plate thickness direction. The temperature fields on stainless steel plates are numerically simulated. The calculated fusion line at the transverse cross-section of PAW welds are compared with the experimental measurements. It is found that the predicted results are in agreement with the experimental data.     

电弧离子镀TiN涂层沉积工艺研究

目的优化电弧离子镀沉积TiN涂层的制备工艺,分析不同N_2/Ar条件对涂层微观结构和力学性能的影响机制,进一步强化和研究TiN涂层的优异性能。方法采用带有附加线圈磁场的电弧离子镀技术在不同N_2/Ar条件下制备TiN涂层,利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、超景深显微镜、维氏硬度计、薄膜应力仪和高温摩擦机观察涂层微观结构、测试力学性能。结果随着N_2/Ar流量比的增加,涂层表面形貌得到改善,大颗粒的数量和尺寸明显减少,表面变得光滑致密。TiN涂层的生长取向由沿(110)晶面择优生长,逐渐转变为沿(111)晶面择优生长。涂层显微硬度呈上升趋势,硬度最高为2260HV;当N_2/Ar流量比为2:1时,摩擦系数最低为0.71,磨损率最低为1.5×10~(-2)μm~3/(N·μm),磨痕边界清晰,大颗粒和磨屑较少。结论当N_2/Ar流量比为2:1时,TiN涂层结构致密,且具有最佳的各项力学性能。     

“双碳”目标下钢铁行业控煤降碳路线图

钢铁行业的低碳绿色转型和率先煤耗和碳排放达峰,将对我国实现整体碳达峰目标和经济高质量发展作出重要贡献.基于碳排放-能源集成模型,对我国钢铁行业"双碳"目标下控煤降碳路径开展情景研究.结果表明,我国钢铁行业很有可能在"十四五"前期实现碳达峰,峰值16.4~16.7亿t （含过程和间接排放）,作为主要消费能源的煤炭也将一起达峰,峰值4.6~4.7亿t标煤（含焦炭）,在最激进的强化情景2035年煤炭消费和碳排放将降至2020年的38%和49%;粗钢产量很大程度上主导了钢铁行业的碳达峰进程,推进全废钢电炉短流程和加大废钢利用是碳达峰阶段最主要的控煤降碳措施.基于预测结果提出的钢铁行业控煤降碳路线图显示,需求侧方面,粗钢产量在不考虑"双碳"目标约束的情况下也会随工业化、城镇化水平逐渐达到发达国家水平而达到峰值并开始下降,新能源相关基础设施建设在实现碳中和期间带来的钢材需求增长体量相对有限;技术进步方面,推广长流程节能降碳技术应用是短期内性价比较高的措施,应重点推进高炉高效喷煤等技术的应用,同时增大高炉球团矿平均配比,远期碳捕集封存技术将具有较大的碳减排潜力;产能结构方面,推进全废钢电炉短流程是钢铁行业在碳达峰阶段的主要措施,到"十四五"末期电炉钢占比将提高至15%~20%,在碳中和目标下氢冶金是唯一具有超低碳排放潜力的生产工艺,在未来随着可再生能源或余热余能生产的绿氢供应量提高,氢冶金将成为与基于废钢的电炉短流程并重的钢铁生产工艺.     

高压击穿电弧作用下开关柜内典型阻燃绝缘件引燃特性的实验研究

高压开关柜内的绝缘件失效故障,易引发火灾事故、区域停电甚至影响电网系统的稳定运行。基于高压击穿电弧模拟与材料引燃机理综合模拟实验平台,针对4 mm厚支柱绝缘子和固封极柱,开展了15 kV击穿电弧作用下的系列引燃实验研究。结果表明,高压电极横向击穿后,电弧迅速上翻形成自上而下“夹持”样品的倒“U”形弧柱,弧根与弧顶首先炭化或引燃。阻燃绝缘件样品顶部形成火焰后,随着燃烧的进行,逐渐从顶部形成穿透样品的内部击穿电弧,该电弧易诱发剧烈燃烧的水平喷射火焰。内部击穿电弧位置向下移动呈“2阶段”特征:在初始阶段较慢,支柱绝缘子和固封极柱样品内击穿点下移速度分别约为2.55 mm/s和1 .74 mm/s,而在第2阶段分别增大至78.50 mm/s和35.03 mm/s。此外,高压起弧瞬间,在紧邻电极上方的绝缘材料表面,升温速率可达180 ℃/s。研究结果可用于高压开关柜各类阻燃绝缘件的科学选型与优化设计,为开关柜防火安全性能的提升提供科学依据。     

基于CNN_LSTM模型的复杂支路故障电弧检测*

在低压交流配电系统中,当多支路并联的复杂系统的某1支路中出现串联电弧故障时,识别难度大幅提升。为了预防此类情况引发的电气火灾,提出1种卷积神经网络(CNN)与长短时记忆网络(LSTM)结合的串联故障电弧检测方法。首先,搭建实验平台用以采集不同负载在不同支路下发生故障时和正常工作时的干路电流数据;然后,构建CNN_LSTM模型并做出相应改进,将电流数据直接输入到模型中,由模型自主提取波形特征并进行分类。研究结果表明:该方法可以快速、准确地识别出电弧故障,准确率达99.04%以上,且能够较为准确地检测出是哪类负载所在的支路发生电弧故障,准确率达97.90%,可为复杂支路下的电弧故障识别研究提供参考。     

Reforming of CO2-containing natural gas with steam in AC gliding arc discharge for hydrogen production

In this study, a low-temperature gliding arc discharge system was used to investigate the effects of steam content and operational parameters, i.e. total feed flow rate, applied voltage, and input frequency, on the reforming performance of CO₂-containing natural gas. The addition of steam less than 10% was found to enhance both selectivities for hydrogen and carbon monoxide with a significant reduction of power consumptions. The highest hydrogen selectivity and yield with the lowest power consumptions were achieved at a steam content of 10 mol%, a total feed flow rate of 100 cm³/min (corresponding to a very short residence time of 1.37 s), an applied voltage of 13.5 kV and an input frequency of 300 Hz. Under these optimum conditions, the oxidative dehydrogenation reactions to produce hydrogen were dominant with the minimum activities of all undesired reactions of cracking and coupling. Both of the short residence time (1.37 s) with a low bulk temperature (lower than 200°C) in the plasma zone under atmospheric pressure, indicate that the studied plasma reactor (gliding arc system) is superior to conventional catalytic reactors for reforming of natural gas.     

Scalp hair metal analysis in the assessment of the occupational exposure of arc welders

Eleven metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) were estimated in hair samples of metal arc welders and a control group with the same socioeconomic background. Nitric acid–perchloric acid wet digestion procedure was adopted for the estimation of endogenous metal contents by ICP-AE technique. The study exhibited the following increasing order of the metal concentrations: Cd??1, dry weight, respectively. On average, the levels of Mn, Ni, Pb and Fe were found to be 1.5–2.4 times higher in the hair of welders compared with controls. Besides age and exposure which were strongly correlated, Cu–Mg, Mn–Mg, Ca–Co and Cd–Zn also showed significantly positive correlations. The identification of metal sources, done by cluster and principal component analyses, revealed four factors: age and exposure; Cu, Mg, Mn and Fe; Ca and Co; Cd, Zn, Ni and Pb. High levels of Fe were found to have a depleting impact on Co levels. The arc welders were feared to accumulate heavy metals in their bodies due to long-term endogenous exposure.     

电炉粉尘高效利用的实验室研究

电炉炉尘中富含Fe、Zn、Pb等元素,简单地将这些炉尘倾倒野外或填埋处理,由于粉尘中Pb等有毒元素会被雨水浸出,严重污染水土资源.而直接返回高炉炼铁,Zn在高炉内氧化富集则会缩短炉衬寿命、堵塞煤气管道.为减少电炉粉尘对环境的污染,实现其高效利用,采用含碳球团焙烧还原法处理该类粉尘.通过考察温度、时间等工艺因数的影响,得到了焙烧还原法合理工艺条件:碳过量系数为0.8～0.9、还原温度1 150℃、还原时间50 min.还原后的球团为半金属化球团,其全铁含量为67%左右,最高达69.8%;金属铁含量为63%左右,最高达66.5%;单个球强度在6 kN左右;收集所得氧化锌粉含ZnO 80%左右,初步实现了电炉粉尘的高效利用.