Fishers’ knowledge detects ecological decay in the Mediterranean Sea

The Northern Adriatic Sea (NAS) is one of the most overexploited marine ecosystems in Europe. Given the gaps in scientific knowledge regarding the NAS, this study sought Fishers’ Ecological Knowledge (FEK) to determine NAS’ historical baselines for conservation. By interviewing 53 fishers in three ports of northern Italy, estimates of the catch rates of four commercial demersal species were generated over a 60-year period, and perceptions of target and non-target species’ diversity and benthic diversity were analysed in three groups of fishers (i.e. novices, experienced and veterans). Results showed a significant decline in perceived abundance of sole (Solea solea), common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and mantis shrimp (Squilla mantis), and evidence was found of a Shifting Baseline Syndrome (SBS) among novices. Given FEK’s ability to complement scientific knowledge, fishers’ participation in marine management policies and intergenerational communication should be enhanced, to improve the status of marine ecosystems and hinder SBS.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01452-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Loss of an ecological baseline through the eradication of oyster reefs from coastal ecosystems and human memory

Oyster reefs form over extensive areas and the diversity and productivity of sheltered coasts depend on them. Due to the relatively recent population growth of coastal settlements in Australia, we were able to evaluate the collapse and extirpation of native oyster reefs (Ostrea angasi) over the course of a commercial fishery. We used historical records to quantify commercial catch of O. angasi in southern Australia from early colonization, around 1836, to some of the last recorded catches in 1944 and used our estimates of catch and effort to map their past distribution and assess oyster abundance over 180 years. Significant declines in catch and effort occurred from 1886 to 1946 and no native oyster reefs occur today, but historically oyster reefs extended across more than 1,500 km of coastline. That oyster reefs were characteristic of much of the coastline of South Australia from 1836 to 1910 appears not to be known because there is no contemporary consideration of their ecological and economic value. Based on the concept of a shifted baseline, we consider this contemporary state to reflect a collective, intergenerational amnesia. Our model of generational amnesia accounts for differences in intergenerational expectations of food, economic value, and ecosystem services of nearshore areas. An ecological system that once surrounded much of the coast and possibly the past presence of oyster reefs altogether may be forgotten and could not only undermine progress towards their recovery, but also reduce our expectations of these coastal ecosystems. La Pérdida de una Línea de Base Ecológica por Medio de la Erradicación de Arrecifes de Ostión de los Ecosistemas Costeros y la Memoria Humana     

美国GOES系列卫星的发展

首先介绍了美国GOES系列静止轨道气象卫星的基本情况、职能和使命任务,然后分别对第一代、第二代/改进型第二代以及第三代GOES系列卫星的发展历程、载荷情况和卫星产品进行了概述,并对目前在轨运行第三代GOES系列卫星先进基线成像仪、同步闪电测绘仪、远紫外与X 射线辐照度探测器等载荷参数和主要用途进行了详细介绍。最后总结了GOES系列卫星的发展特点。     

兴凯湖百余年营养演化历史及营养物基准

兴凯湖是东北亚地区典型湖泊。20世纪末以来人类活动持续增强,该湖营养快速富集,水体生态状况发生转变,但其环境演化历史及营养本底等信息尚知之甚少。本研究基于对该湖多根沉积钻孔年代、元素及沉积硅藻等多指标的分析,重建了兴凯湖百余年来的环境变化历史。结果表明：兴凯湖历史上保持着良好的环境生态条件,21世纪第一个十年以前水体环境变化较小（硅藻种群弦距＜0.0005）,近20 a来,兴凯湖生态环境逐渐退化,硅藻从以低—中营养Aulacoseira granulata的优势组合逐渐转变为以Cyclostephanos dubius为代表的富营养组合,污染元素（Pb、Zn等）含量及沉积速率快速升高。基于种群相似性的对比发现2000 a前的硅藻种群变化较小,故采用1994—1998年的水体监测均值作为兴凯湖的营养基准,即水体总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）基准分别为35 μg·L^?1及970 μg·L^?1;结合参比元素回归分析得到的大、小兴凯湖沉积物TP基准分别为360 mg·kg^?1、500 mg·kg^?1,可作为该湖的沉积物TP浓度的治理基准。上述系列水土营养基准可为兴凯湖日益严重的湖泊富营养化治理提供重要的参考目标。     

Meta-analysis of the effects of upstream land cover on stream recovery

Unpredictable or variable ecosystem recovery from disturbance presents a challenge to conservation, particularly as the scale of human disturbance continues to increase. Theory suggests land-cover and disturbance characteristics affect recovery, but individual studies of disturbance and recovery frequently struggle to uncover generalizable patterns because of high levels of site-specific variation. To understand how land-cover, disturbance type, and disturbance duration influence ecosystem recovery, we used studies documenting recovery of 50 streams to perform a global meta-analysis of stream recovery from disturbances that affect water quality (e.g., oil spill, fire, wastewater). We extracted upstream natural and urban land-cover percentages for each site and performed model selection and averaging to identify influences on recovery completeness. Most streams improved following the end of a disturbance (median 240% of disturbed condition) but did not recover fully to baseline predisturbance condition within the studied period (median study period 2 years; median recovery 60% of baseline). Scale of disturbance in time and space did not predict recovery, but sites with higher percentages of upstream natural land cover had less complete recovery relative to sites with more urban or agricultural cover, possibly due to higher baseline conditions in these streams. Our findings suggest impacts to systems with low anthropogenic stress may be more irreversible than impacts to already modified systems. We call for more long-term evaluations of ecosystem response to disturbance and the inclusion of regional references and predisturbance reference conditions for comparison. A more thorough understanding of the role of the surrounding landscape in shaping stream response to disturbance can help managers calibrate expectations for recovery and prioritize protection.     

贵阳市表层土壤中铅的环境地球化学基线研究

以土壤环境地球化学研究为主线,以贵州省贵阳市8064km2为研究区域,将土壤重金属污染元素铅的空间分布规律与环境地球化学机理研究相结合,建立区域土壤环境地球化学基线,选用合适的判别指标判识自然作用过程与人类活动过程对土壤环境的影响。得到以下结论:贵阳市表层土壤中铅的基线值为14.8mg·kg-1,样品中铅元素含量大于70.1mg·kg-1的样品可能遭受人为污染的影响。地质累积指数分析结果显示贵阳市18%的表层土壤未受铅的污染,47%的表层土壤在无污染到中度污染之间,28%的中度污染,6%的表层土壤介于中度污染到强污染之间,1%的强污染。污染程度指数分析则显示贵阳市49.9%的表层土壤未受到铅的污染,铅的污染程度最大为8.11,总污染程度略大于0,即受到轻微污染。     

浙江省土壤地球化学基准值与环境背景值

以浙江省农业地质环境调查取得的区域地球化学资料为依据,遵循地球化学背景值的基本概念,根据成土母质类型将土壤地球化学基准值划分成13个统计单元,土壤环境背景值以浙北杭嘉湖与宁绍平原、浙东沿海温黄与温瑞平原、浙中金衢盆地为统计单元,在反复剔除异常值后,获得52种元素(氧化物)的平均值、标准差和变异系数,为区域土壤环境质量标准的制订、土壤污染评价与修复提供了重要的地球化学依据.     

Baseline Concentrations of Trace Elements in Surface Soils of the Torrelles and Sant Climent Municipal Districts (Catalonia,Spain)

An investigation was conducted to study the baseline levels of Ba, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn (aqua regia-extractable) based on 51 representative soils of the Torrelles and Sant Climent Municipal Districts (Catalonia, Spain). The baseline concentrations of those elements were (mg kg⁻¹): Ba 73.9–617.9, Cr 9.2–120.2, Cu 4.0–111.6, Ni 6.1–118.6, Pb 5.6–217.5, Sr 19.6–128.8, V 12.1–101.2, and Zn 16.8–326.8, respectively.Forty-nine samples were reported as having less than the 0.67 mg kg⁻¹ detection limit for cadmiun and were therefore not useful for baseline determination; however, these results suggest that the baseline average is probably below 0.67 mg kg⁻¹.Upper baseline values for most of the elements corresponded with those reported in the literature, except for Pb and Zn, which were two to four times greater.Soil properties, including clay fraction, OC, CEC and pH_w were related to metal concentration using correlation and factorial analysis. R-mode factor analysis separates the soil analysis data into three factors. These factors explain 67.3% of the total variance, suggesting that metal concentration was controlled by soil composition.     

天然气发电工程CDM项目开发的探讨

通过对浙江省能源集团公司镇海发电厂在天然气发电工程CDM项目开发方面的具体实践,论述了对于天然气发电的基础线和监测方法学的研究与应用,以及在开发应用过程中的主要注意事项.     

重庆市农地重金属基线值的厘定及其积累特征分析

为了确定重庆市农地土壤重金属基线值,了解重金属积累情况,明确优先控制元素,本研究基于地球化学基线原理,根据分层抽样采集6个土壤类型的表层土样共214个;在严格质量控制下,测定各个样品As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量.采用数理统计法、迭代剔除法和累积频率曲线法确定8种重金属的基线值,并应用地球化学基线因子污染指数法和地质累积指数法评估了重庆市农地土壤重金属积累状况.结果表明,重庆市农地土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的基线值分别为5. 83、0. 25、66. 78、25. 45、0. 069、29. 90、26. 18、78. 44 mg·kg~(-1).地球化学基线因子指数法评估表明土壤As、Hg、Zn积累最为突出,分别有14. 65%、11. 82%、3. 88%样点达重度积累;地质累积指数法评估表明Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb超过93%的样点处于无积累,Hg、Zn、As轻度积累比例分别为26. 60%、21. 84%、21. 21%,仅As和Zn有5. 56%和0. 49%的样点为中度积累.水稻土、紫色土与潮土、黄壤、石灰岩土相比重金属积累程度轻.渝东北大巴山石灰岩中低山区、渝东南武陵山石灰岩低山区As、Zn点位积累率较高,渝西窟窿丘陵台地区、渝中中高丘平行岭谷区Hg、As点位积累率较高.两种评估方法均表明重庆市农地土壤主要积累重金属为As,其次为Hg、Zn,应加强管理防范.