URBANIZATION AND STREAM QUALITY IMPAIRMENT1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted in the Piedmont province of Maryland to determine if a relationship exists between stream quality and the extent of watershed urbanization. During the first phase of the study 27 small watersheds, having similar characteristics but varied according to land use, were investigated. Using these controlled conditions, eliminating as many interferences as possible, this first phase was intended to determine if a definite relationship did exist between the two factors. Finding that the first phase was successful the second was initiated which consisted of a comparison of biological sampling data, from other studies, with degree of watershed urbanization. The purpose of this second phase was to ascertain if the relationship between degrees of urbanization and decline in stream quality was linear as watershed area increased and in streams spread throughout the Maryland Piedmont. The principal finding of this study was that stream quality impairment is first evidenced when watershed imperviousness reaches 12%, but does not become severe until imperviousness reaches 30%.     

转Bt基因水稻残留秸秆对农田底栖动物的影响

为研究转Bt基因水稻秸秆残留对稻田内底栖动物的潜在影响,利用转Bt基因水稻“华恢1号”及其亲本“明恢63”的秸秆进行稻田填埋试验,分析转Bt基因水稻秸秆中Bt蛋白对秸秆分解和底栖动物多样性的影响. 结果表明:①在填埋的水稻秸秆上共发现223个底栖动物,分属9个科,其中,在转Bt基因和非转基因水稻秸秆上均发现7个科. ②秸秆种类和秸秆填埋时间对底栖动物丰度、物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、辛普森优势集中性指数(Simpson diversity index)和Pielou均匀度指数均无明显影响. ③转Bt基因和非转基因水稻秸秆剩余率均随着填埋时间的延长而逐渐降低,填埋7周后,两种类型秸秆剩余率平均值均为44.0%,二者之间无明显差异. ④在填埋的7周内,转Bt基因水稻秸秆中w(Bt蛋白)平均值为1.99~3.04 μg/g,7周后为2.04 μg/g. 研究显示,稻田残留的转Bt基因水稻秸秆对底栖动物多样性无显著影响.      

The importance of considering spatial attributes in evaluating estuarine habitat condition: the South Carolina experience

The South Carolina Estuarine and Coastal Assessment Program (SCECAP) was initiated in 1999 to assess the condition of the state's coastal habitats using multiple measures of water quality, sediment quality, and biological condition. Sampling was subsequently expanded to include components required for the National Coastal Assessment (Coastal 2000) Program. Habitats are classified as either tidal creeks (<#60; 100 meters in width) or larger open water bodies. Approximately 30 sites are sampled within each habitat during the summer months using a probability-based random sampling design. Results obtained from the first two years of sampling documented significant differences in several water quality parameters (DO, salinity, pH, turbidity, fecal coliform bacteria, total nitrogen, TKN, total phosphorus) and biological measures (chlorophyll-a, finfish and crustacean abundance and biomass and a number of benthic species) between the tidal creek and open water habitats. These differences highlight the value of partitioning shallow water habitats separately from the larger open water bodies traditionally sampled in estuarine monitoring programs, especially since tidal creeks serve as critical nursery areas for many species. Based on the differences observed, there is a clear need to identify different physical and biological thresholds for evaluating the condition of each habitat type.     

长江口崇明东滩底栖动物在不同类型沉积物的分布及季节性变化

研究分析崇明东滩沉积物类型对底栖动物种群生长的限制和底栖动物对不同类型沉积物的选择性.结果表明,砂质的低潮滩较适宜双壳类底栖动物的生长,在四季里,栖息在低潮滩的双壳类底栖动物占整个潮滩双壳类数目的比例分别高达73.4、66.4、98.5和96.9%;相反,腹足类底栖动物适宜生长在高潮滩的粘土质粉砂,四个季度中分别有77.5、64.4、69.3和92.4%的腹足动物栖息在高潮滩;甲壳类多栖息在高、中潮滩,但在9月份,由于正是蟹类的生殖季节,低潮滩的甲壳动物却占有了相当的比例,约51.6%.并以食悬浮物底栖动物和食底泥动物的分布丰度对沉积物粒径分别做回归性分析,得到方程分别是y＝39.496x-790.07（r＝0.9223）, y＝-127.27x＋6037.7（r= 0.9489）.     

红树林区硅藻丰度和生物量构成及与底栖动物的关系

对深圳福田红树林湿地中百亩区、上沙、下沙、沙嘴、观鸟亭等5个亚区中的硅藻种类、丰度和生物量等进行了研究。结果显示，5区中硅藻门藻类在种类及丰度组成上均为优势类群。硅藻总生物量以观鸟亭最高，达25．076mg/L,下沙8．446mg／L，百亩区4．488mg／L，沙嘴2．111mg／L，上沙仅为0．742mg／L。最高与最低硅藻总生物量相关可达38倍。生物量份布趋势和其丰度分布相似，相关系数为0．998，但每一种硅藻生物量之间存在较大差异。硅藻生物量及丰度与底栖动物总密度分布之间呈负相关性。     

坎门排污工程邻近海域大型底栖生物生态特征

通过对2002年8月坎门排污工程邻近海域大型底栖生物本底调查资料的分析，该海域发现大型底栖生物24种，生物数量分别为45．98g／m^2和142个／m^2。运用生态学参数和丰度生物量比较法对该海域大型底栖生物群落结构及稳定性进行了分析，并探讨了大型底栖生物生态研究对排污工程控制的作用。     

几种大型底栖生物对Cd,Zn,Cu的积累实验研究

参照国家海水水质标准,在一系列低浓度Cd,Zn,Cu的海水中,对几种大型底栖生物进行了长约5个月的积累实验研究。结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,紫贻贝、魁蚶、褶牡蛎》、菲律宾蛤和刺海参对Cd都有一定程度的积累,且其体内Cd浓度与环境海水Cd浓度间有一定的相关关系,可比较好地指示海水Cd污染。褶牡蛎对Zn有很强的累积能力,其体内Zn浓度与环境海水Zn浓度之间有一定相关关系;紫贻贝对Zn的积累能力较褶牡蛎弱,在一定浓度范围内表现为调节;其他实验生物积累Zn能力很小。研究还表明,紫贻贝、魁蚶、菲律宾蛤、褶牡蛎和栉孔扇贝只有在Cu浓度低于0.02mg/L的海水中,存活才超过50天,其中紫贻贝与褶牡蛎对Cu有一定的积累。     

底栖生物群落结构变化多元变量统计分析

在生物物种水平上,对原始生物丰度数据经过四次方根变换,采用Bray－Curtis相似性测量和组间平均聚类分析,以及MDS序列分析等多元统计分析方法,评价了大连潮间带大型底栖生物群落结构变化。结果表明,多元统计分析方法正确展示了由于污染梯度变化引起的群落结构梯度变化关系。与生物多样性指数方法分析结果比较,多元统计分析方法分析污染群落结构变化较灵敏。     

Assessment of Benthic Infaunal Condition on the Mainland Shelf of Southern California

Benthic infauna were sampled from 251 Southern California Bight (SCB) mainland shelf sites in the summer of 1994. Sample sites were selected using a stratified random design, with the primary strata being depth zone, geography, and proximity to point and non-point discharges. Benthic infaunal condition was assessed using the Benthic Response Index (BRI), and by comparing dominant taxa and community parameters (e.g., number of taxa) among strata. Ninety-one percent of sediments in the SCB were found to contain healthy benthic communities. Most stations with altered benthos were located near river mouths, in Santa Monica Bay, or on the Palos Verdes Shelf. Deviations at sites with altered benthic communities were mostly limited to minor changes in species composition, rather than to large declines in diversity or abundance.     

光照对湖泊沉积物磷释放及磷形态变化的影响研究

将采自太湖的沉积物移至实验室内进行磷释放模拟实验.通过对水-沉积物界面在不同照度下的磷释放趋势研究发现,照度与水-沉积物界面的磷释放量有明显的负相关性.而藻类计数的结果表明,照度与底栖藻类生物量存在正相关性.由此可以推断,光照对沉积物磷释放的影响主要表现为受照度控制生长的底栖藻类吸收沉积物中释放的磷,阻挡其进入上覆水中.不同照度下pH变化的研究结果表明,pH的升高趋势随照度的增强而升高,稳定后的水体偏碱性.通过对在不同照度下沉积物中总磷及磷形态变化规律研究发现沉积物中总磷减少量表现为无光＞中照度＞高照度;沉积物中磷出现无机态减少,有机态增加的现象;照度越高,沉积物中NaOH-P(Fe(Al)-P)减少量与HCl-P(Ca-P)减少量的比例越大.