不同条件下进行渗后扩散的铝硅涂层氧化行为研究

目的提高铝硅涂层的抗氧化性能。方法采用料浆法在DZ417G定向凝固镍基高温合金叶片的燃气流道表面制备铝硅防护涂层,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析不同条件下进行渗后扩散的铝硅涂层表面显微组织形貌和截面显微组织形貌。结果无保护气氛下进行渗后扩散处理的铝硅涂层,在扩散过程中就已经发生了氧化,氧化过程首先形成多孔非致密结构的θ-Al_2O_3相,随着氧化过程的进行,θ-Al_2O_3相逐渐转变成致密结构的α-Al_2O_3相,从而起到真正的抗氧化作用。结论铝硅涂层中的Al元素提前被消耗,对铝硅涂层的使用寿命存在一定影响,因而渗后扩散须保证在真空条件下或有保护气氛条件下进行,使叶片表面渗后的铝浓度达到一定的要求,从而在使用过程中可以生成致密结构的α-Al_2O_3相,起到抗氧化作用,提高叶片的使用寿命。     

油田用钨合金镀层腐蚀性能评价研究

目的评价钨合金镀层油管的腐蚀性能。方法利用高压釜模拟高压气井和高含硫气井的腐蚀环境,进行高压高温腐蚀试验,以及标准的氢致开裂(HIC)和硫化氢应力腐蚀试验。采用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)及其能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射分析仪(XRD),分析或检测钨合金镀层和基管的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物的组成。结果油管表面的钨合金镀层平整而致密,其主要组成元素为W和Ni。高温高压腐蚀试验后,镀层仍然致密平整,腐蚀程度轻微。在60、90、120、140℃试验7天时,镀层和基材的H_2S/CO_2腐蚀速率分别为0.0179、0.0093、0.0102、0.0369 mm/a和1.030、1.272、1.183、0.991 mm/a。试验30天,在120℃时,其H_2S/CO_2腐蚀速率分别为-0.0085、0.1789 mm/a;在160℃时,其CO_2腐蚀速率分别为0.0091、0.8976 mm/a。该钨合金镀层均通过了标准的氢致开裂和硫化氢应力腐蚀试验。结论该钨合金镀层具有很好的耐腐蚀性能。     

海滨核电建造期可剥涂层的临时防护性能研究

目的 考察可剥涂层在海洋大气环境下的大型工程建造中的临时防护作用。方法 对来自两个厂家的可剥涂层进行了为期12周的耐候性试验,对可剥涂层在不锈钢及碳钢/环氧两种基底上的可剥离性、防护性和氟氯残留量进行了测试。结果 两个厂家的涂层在外观、耐蚀性、附着力等方面的试验结果没有明显差异,涂层的剥离强度均低于0.05 kN/m,涂层剥离后不锈钢表面的氟氯离子残留量远低于15 ?g/dm2,试验周期内环氧漆色差变化较小。结论 两个厂家的可剥涂层在光泽、硬度和剥离强度等测试方面的结果上存在差异,但对环氧漆均有着较好的防护作用,试验期内剥离性良好,且无有害化学元素残留,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coating samples and surficial sediments in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coating samples （NSCSs） from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments （SSs） in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the relationship between NSCSs and SSs in fractions of heavy metals （Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd） using the modified sequential extraction procedure （MSEP）. The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fi＇actions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase （76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs） and Fe-oxides phase （20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs）. Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase （48.27%） and that in SSs present as residual phase （45.44%）. Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions （〉48%）, and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution patterns implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter （OM）, and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.     

在役管道防腐层的失效与维修

介绍了管道防腐层失效的原因和方式,指出水和氧气是防腐层失效的原因,含水量和含氧量决定腐蚀程度,提出对防腐层及时检查与修复等措施.     

沥青涂层对桩侧摩阻力影响的试验研究

采用改进直剪仪模拟桩与土之间的滑动摩擦,研究了沥青涂层对桩侧摩阻力的影响。试验结果表明,桩侧摩阻力与土的类型、法向应力有关,随着法向应力的增长,滑动摩阻力也相应增长,且增长近似呈线性关系;在一定的法向应力下,沥青涂层对减小滑动摩阻力有一定的作用,随着法向应力的增长,沥青涂层亦会导致滑动摩阻力增加。     

两地区涂层板自然老化和评价方法的比较

将不同颜色(红色、海蓝、白灰)的三种涂层板分别置于热带乡村气候区和热带海洋气候区进行大气暴露5年,每年对样品进行外观评估、颜色和光泽测量;收集相关气象数据,比较两地区涂层老化的差异;建立涂层板老化曲线模型,比较不同评估方式,得出光泽和色差模型可以反映材料的老化过程。     

Virus retention and transport through Al-oxide coated sand columns: effects of ionic strength and composition

Knowledge of the factors that influence the fate and transport of viruses in porous media is very important for accurately determining groundwater vulnerability and for developing protective regulations. In this study, six saturated sand column experiments were performed to examine the effects of a positively charged Al-oxide, which was coated on sand particles, on the retention and transport of viruses (phiX174 and MS-2) in background solutions of different ionic strength and composition. We found that the Al-oxide coating on sand significantly removed viruses during their transport in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. Mass balance calculations showed that 34% of the input MS-2 was inactivated/irreversibly sorbed on the surface of Al-oxide coated sand whereas 100% of phiX174 was recovered. Results from this study also indicated that higher ionic strength facilitated the transport of both phiX174 and MS-2 through the Al-oxide coated sand. This was attributed to the effect of ion shielding, which at higher ionic strength decreased the electrostatic attraction between the viral particles and the sand surface and consequently decreased virus sorption. Strong effect of the ionic strength indicates that an outer-sphere complexation mechanism was responsible for the virus sorption on the Al-oxide coated sand. Ion composition of the background solutions was also found to be a significant factor in influencing virus retention and transport. Virus transport was enhanced in the presence of phosphate (HPO(4)(2-)) as compared to bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)), and the effect of HPO(4)(2-) was more significant on MS-2 than on phiX174. The presence of bivalent cations (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) increased virus transport because the cations partially screened the negative charges on the viruses therefore decreased the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged sand surface and the negatively charged viruses. Mass recovery data indicated that bivalent cations gave rise to a certain degree of inactivation/irreversibly sorption of phiX174 on the surface of Al-oxide coated sand. On the contrary, the bivalent cations appeared to have protected MS-2 from inactivation/irreversibly sorption. This study provides some insights into the mechanisms responsible for virus retention and transport in porous media.     

海洋环境设备涂层老化和失效的影响因素研究

目的 研究海洋设备涂层老化和失效的影响因素。方法 选择现有海洋设备涂层进行户外暴露试验和实验室加速环境试验,分析防护涂层的失光度和色差变化规律。结果 在实验室条件下成功模拟了加速海洋环境中的涂料老化,加速试验结果与户外暴露结果相关性较高。在海洋自然环境下暴露6个月后,涂层失光率降低,暴露18个月后出现粉化。结论 利用紫外光老化和盐雾试验,设定合适的环境试验参数后,实验室加速环境试验可代替户外暴露试验,缩短试验周期。涂层的配套设计、涂敷的基材结构形状、涂层施工过程等因素可直接影响涂料的老化、失效,进而引起基体腐蚀。     

南京冬季气溶胶光学特性及黑碳光吸收增强效应

2016年1月1~19日在南京北郊利用三波长光声黑碳光度仪(PASS-3)对气溶胶的光学性质进行了实时在线观测,同时结合气溶胶化学组成分析了黑碳气溶胶的光吸收增强效应.结果表明,观测期间气溶胶在532 nm下的吸收系数、散射系数、单散射反照率的平均值为(64.19±35.28)Mm-1、(454.68±238.71)Mm-1、0.87±0.03,受边界层高度及颗粒物浓度的影响,呈现出明显的日变化特征.黑碳气溶胶的质量吸收截面(MAC)在观测期间的变化趋势为前期低,后期高,与非EC组分相对EC比值的变化趋势一致,受不同污染条件下二次物质的占比及覆盖物厚度变化的影响.基于MAC计算得到的405、532、781nm下的光吸收增强(EMAC)平均值分别为1.53±0.56、1.34±0.47、1.14±0.40,随着波长增加而降低,存在棕色碳(Br C)的贡献.各非EC组分相对EC的比值与EMAC均有一定相关性,其中OC/EC与EMAC相关性最高,说明有机物的积累是导致黑碳光吸收增强的主要原因.K+/EC与EMAC的高相关性表明生物质燃烧过程对光吸收增强也有一定影响.