Regional Disparities in China’s Mainland at Provincial Level Between 2000 and 2005

Based on the methodology provided by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,we analyze regional disparities in China’s mainland at provincial level between 2000 and 2005.It regards regional GDP growth as the joint result of contribution of a number of factors,i.e.capital productivity,capital per manpower,specialization,employment rate,active population,and population.The results show that for all provincial units,capital per manpower is a dominant contributing factor to the growth of GDP per...     

区域城市化水平综合评价及其地域差异研究——以江苏省为例

从城市化内涵出发，基于人口、经济发展、居民生活和地域环境构建了反映城市化发展水平的评价指标体系。然后，运用综合评价方法，对江苏省13个城市的城市化发展水平进行了评价分析，并通过聚类分析对其进行分类，目的是找出各城市之间的优势和差距。同时借助于GIS技术手段，将这种城市化差异反映在空间区域上，从而有针对性地制定提高江苏省各区域之间城市化水平的对策。     

转型时期江苏省区域经济差异的分析与检验

区域经济差异一直是理论研究的热点问题，但不同的研究者对区域经济差异的研究时常会得出不同的结论，这往往是由于没有区分经济指标中的生计指标与产出指标所引起的。本文以不变价格实证分析了改革开放以来，江苏省13个行政区域间人均生计指标与产出指标的差异和相对差异的变迁趋势，并对“地区差异变动之悖论”进行了实证检验。     

Substitutability, experience, and the value disparity: evidence from the marketplace

Recent empirical evidence suggests that important disparities exist between willingness to pay and compensation demanded for the same good. These results, which clearly contradict closely held economic doctrines, have led some influential commentators to call for an entirely new economic paradigm to displace conventional neoclassical theory. This study examines the generality of these experimental findings by going to a well-functioning marketplace and examining more than 350 individual decisions across two incentive-compatible elicitation mechanisms. The data suggest that behavior of individuals with intense experience approaches neoclassical predictions: any observed WTA/WTP disparity amongst this group is negligible.     

中国能源利用效率的区域分异与影响因素分析

论文采用分层聚类法对中国能源利用效率进行地域划分,并运用Theil系数探讨能源利用效率的区域分异特征,进而应用面板数据模型定量研究区域能源利用效率的影响因素。研究表明:"十五"时期,中国能源利用效率的省际差异显著,从空间上可划分为高效区、中效区和低效区,能源高效区集中在东部沿海经济发达地区;2001~2005年,中国能源利用效率明显提高,但能源利用效率的总体差异、三大地域间差异和地域内差异均呈上升趋势;能源结构、技术水平、产业结构、价格水平和投资水平是影响中国能源利用效率区域差异的显著因素;以煤炭消费比重所表示的能源结构对区域能源利用效率的负向影响程度最大,以全员劳动生产率所表示的技术水平对区域能源利用效率的正向影响程度最大;第三产业增加值比重对区域能源利用效率具有显著正影响,第二产业增加值比重、生产资料价格水平、高耗能投资水平对区域能源利用效率具有显著负影响;经济发展水平对区域能源利用效率的影响程度并不显著,经济增长与能源利用效率不存在同步增长关系。     

Use of Single Large or Several Small Policies as Strategies to Manage People–Park Interactions

Biodiversity conservation has been criticized for undermining or ignoring social well‐being. Currently efforts to mutually promote social justice, rural development, and biodiversity conservation, which have been contentious and yielded mixed results, continue to spread despite a general dearth of effective management strategies. We contend that social and economic concerns should be integral to conservation planning and propose that the scale of these phenomena is also critical. To evaluate the merit of this proposal, we adopted and expanded a conservation management strategy framework developed by Joel Heinen and examined how population density, economic disparity, and ethnic heterogeneity vary spatially surrounding 2 contrasting protected areas in East Africa: Kibale National Park in Uganda and Tarangire National Park in Tanzania. Analyses of demographic, wealth, and ethnicity data from regional censuses and household surveys conducted in 2009 and 2010 indicated that choice of scale (landscape or community) changed the management strategies recommended by the model. Therefore, “several small” people?park management strategies varying around a given protected area may be more appropriate than a “single large” people–park strategy applied across an entire protected area. Correspondingly, scale adjusted Heinen recommendations offered new strategies for effective conservation management within these human landscapes not incorporated in current in situ management plans. Uso de Varias Políticas Pequeñas o una Única Política Mayor como Estrategias para Manejar las Interacciones Gente – Parque     

环境与生态系统服务价值的WTA/WTP不对称

支付意愿(WTP)和受偿意愿(WTA)是条件价值法(CVM)研究中环境与生态系统服务价值的两类不同表征尺度,对同一环境物品的WTP和WTA往往存在显著不对称性.以上海某城市河流生态系统服务评价为例,基于CVM研究方法,对WTP和WTA进行了对比分析和探讨.研究表明:(1)WTP和WTA的不对称性在案例研究中得到反映,WTA/WTP的平均值比值为7.02,中点值比值为6.18,两个比例与国际已有研究的一般范围较为接近;(2)WTA不受收入等变量约束,但受学历、家庭人口等变量的影响,尤其与WTP呈显著正向关联,显示WTA作为环境资源价值的表征尺度亦可能具有一定有效性;(3)WTA/WTP不对称的主要决定因素为收入和学历.WTA/WTP不对称的一个重要环境管理学含义在于,破坏或污染相同质量或数量的环境资源所引起的福利损失,将远大于保护和改善环境资源所引起的福利改进,而不是两者相等.     

长江经济带区域经济差异分析

长江经济带是与沿海经济带并列的国家一级发展轴线，自20世纪90年代以来其内部区域经济差距日趋扩大，如何缩小差距以促进长江经济带整体和谐发展是摆在当前的重要任务。基于SPSS12.0统计分析软件和历年统计数据，分析长江经济带内部三大地区及41个地市之间的区域经济差异，找出产生区域差异的主要因素，然后对这些因素进行分析，以期在此基础上找到缩小区域差异、促进可持续发展的政策建议。最后对长江经济带内部各省市经济发展进行预测，分析长江经济带各省市发展的趋势。长江经济带内部差异显著，且有拉大趋势；发展前景良好，是国家重要的经济增长轴。     

Fatal crash trends for Australian young drivers 1997-2007: Geographic and socioeconomic differentials

Background

Little has been published on changes in young driver fatality rates over time. This paper examines differences in Australian young driver fatality rates over the last decade, examining important risk factors including place of residence and socioeconomic status (SES).

Methods

Young driver (17-25 years) police-recorded passenger vehicle crashes were extracted from New South Wales State records from 1997-2007. Rurality of residence and SES were classified into three levels based on drivers’ residential postcode: urban, regional, or rural; and high, moderate, or low SES areas. Geographic and SES disparities in trends of fatality rates were examined by the generalized linear model. Chi-square trend test was used to examine the distributions of posted speed limits, drinking driving, fatigue, seatbelt use, vehicle age, night-time driving, and the time from crash to death across rurality and socioeconomic status.

Results

Young driver fatality rate significantly decreased 5% per year (p < 0.05); however, stratified analyses (by rurality and by SES) showed that only the reduction among urban drivers was significant (average 5% decrease per year, p < 0.01). The higher relative risk of fatality for rural versus urban drivers, and for drivers of low versus high SES remained unchanged over the last decade. High posted speed limits, fatigue, drink driving and seatbelt non-use were significantly associated with rural fatalities, whereas high posted speed limit, fatigue, and driving an older vehicle were significantly related to low SES fatality.

Conclusion

The constant geographic and SES disparities in young driver fatality rates highlight safety inequities for those living in rural areas and those of low SES. Better targeted interventions are needed, including attention to behavioral risk factors and vehicle age.     

Urban-rural nitrogen emission from household food consumption in China: spatial pattern and dynamics analysis

The nitrogen emission from household food consumption (NEHFC) has played a vital role in sustainability development. Recent changes in household dietary have significantly accelerated reactive nitrogen emissions in China. However, the spatial patterns and dynamics of these flows between urban and rural areas remain unclear. Based on material flow and spatial-temporal analysis, our study investigated the patterns of Chinese urban-rural NEHFC during 1993–2015. Increasingly apparent regional disparities were found in both the spatial patterns of urban-rural NEHFC during the study period. Notably, the spatial autocorrelation of urban NEHFC demonstrated a ‘U’ type, compared with a recent decreasing Moran’s I index of rural NEHFC. Moreover, the regional spatial-temporal variation of per capita urban NEHFC exhibited ‘South (High)-North (Low)-Middle (Fast)’ trend. By contrast, the hotspot of per capita rural NEHFC mainly concentrated in South-eastern China with a distinct regional changing of ‘Middle-east (Fast) & west (Slow).’ The Social-Economic and Regional-Development Index were far more critical than the Natural-Geographic Index to the spatial-temporal variation of per capita urban NEHFC, whereas the rural NEHFC was driven by the combined actions of all the three indexes. Our study highlighted the necessity of ‘Location-Suitable’ and ‘Urban-rural recycling’ nitrogen management strategies for reducing the risk of NEHFC in China.