地下水石油污染曝气治理技术研究

在石油开采区现场考察了地下水石油污染曝气治理效果.结果表明,现场土壤地质条件对曝气气流分布影响很大,气流分布并不与曝气井为轴对称,曝气井左侧影响距离达6 m,右侧仅为4 m;经过40 d的连续曝气,在气流分布密度大的区域,石油去除率高达70%,而在气流分布稀疏的区域,石油去除率只有40%,曝气影响区地下水石油平均去除率为60%;对曝气前后地下水中石油组分进行色质联机分析,表明石油去除效果与石油组分及其性质有关,挥发性高的石油组分容易挥发去除,而挥发性低的石油组分难于挥发去除,因此地下水石油污染曝气治理存在“拖尾效应”.     

Arsenic and chromate removal from water by iron chips-Effects of anions

The purpose of this study is to estimate the removal efficiency of As and Cr (VI) by one kind of industrial waste — iron chips, as well as to estimate the effects of typical inorganic anions (sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate), and typical organic anions (citrate, oxalate, and humate) on As or Cr (VI) removal. The results showed that 98% of As (V) and 92% of As (III) could be removed from aqueous phase by the iron chips within 60 min. Compared with As species, Cr (VI) was removed much more rapidly and efficiently with 97% of Cr (VI) being removed within 25 min. The removal efficiency for arsenic was in the order: As (III) (sulfate), As (III) (nitrate) or As (III), As (III) (humate), As (III) (oxalate), As (III) (citrate), As (III) (phosphate), and for chromate was in the order: Cr (VI) (sulfate), Cr (VI) (phosphate) or Cr (VI) (nitrate) or Cr (VI) (oxalate), Cr (VI), Cr (VI) (citrate), Cr (VI) (humate). In all the treatments, pH level increased with time except for As (III), the removal of which was either without anions or in the presence of humate or nitrate.     

淹水过程不同土层磷的释放研究

采用土槽模拟实验研究了淹水土壤不同土层磷释放特征及影响因素。实验结果表明:淹水土壤不同土层磷释放呈锯齿状交替变化,但释放量有很大差异,中层释放量最低,上和下层释放量较高,最大磷浓度分别为0.0336mg/L和0.0517mg/L;而不同土层溶液中的亚铁和总铁量正好与之相反,中层铁释放量最大,上层次之,下层最低,且中层释铁量明显高于上层和下层;不同土层溶液随淹水时间pH趋于中性,Eh降低,其中中层溶液Eh下降的幅度大;淹水土壤溶液中各种不同形态铁的氧化物,如因水解和氧化形成的水铁矿以及蓝铁矿在一定程度上影响了土壤磷的释放;同时淹水增加了磷的扩散,地下水有一定量的磷累积。     

乙醇对地下水中硝酸盐去除作用的研究

综述和比较了近年来利用不同碳源反硝化去除地下水中硝酸盐的研究成果,并着重于乙醇作为碳源的脱硝作用。从硝酸盐去除、亚硝酸盐积累、产生生物量等方面比较了不同碳源蔗糖、乙醇、甲醇、乙酸等的优缺点,最终认为乙醇是较为合适的碳源。阐述了该领域的研究进展,总结了影响反硝化进行的主要因素,指出目前乙醇反硝化去除硝酸盐存在的问题,同时对今后进一步的研究方向进行了展望。     

地下水污染与防治技术综述

本文简要地说明了我国地下水污染现状;详细地介绍地下水污染修复新技术的分类：物理法,化学法,生物法。复合处理技术,且重点介绍了PRB技术;并针对我国地下水研究现状和存在的问题作一些建议,为地下水资源保护和合理利用提供依据,为相关领域的研究提供参考。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地下水中锰的不确定度评定

本文对电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地下水中锰含量的不确定度进行了评定,标准曲线采用双误差拟合法,建立了不确定度评定模型,对测定地下水样品中锰含量的不确定度作了评估。     

地下水年龄在地下水研究中的应用研究进展

近些阜,同位素和示踪技术广泛地应用于地下水研究中,其中以对地下水定年的研究尤为突出.本文通过研究国内外大量的研究实例,分析得出地下水年龄在评价地下水更新能力,正确认识地下水运动和溶质迁移规律,以及约束地下水模型参数等方面具有重要作用;同对指出地下永定年不仅受到地下水混合作用、气-水-岩作用等自然因素的影响,还受到人类活...     

河岸带地下水营养元素和有机质变化及与洪水的响应关系研究

河岸带地下水和河水存在复杂的交互作用,地下水和地表水存在明显的补排关系,洪水事件是影响河岸带地下水水质波动的重要水文过程. 以黄河湿地国家级自然保护区孟津湿地为研究对象,通过河岸带地下水营养元素指标(特别是小浪底水库调水调沙期间)野外定位观测,深入分析了河岸带地下水水质变化及其与洪水的响应关系. 结果表明,河岸滩区的农业开发存在明显的氮、磷下渗流失风险. 临近河岸的农耕旱作区,是河流与人工湿地之间一个特殊的氮污染物控制单元,对地下水和河流之间的氮迁移隔离起着极为重要的作用. 在人工湿地,农家粪作为底肥加入可能是磷下渗流失的重要源头,进入地下水中的磷顺着水力坡度还发生着显著的横向迁移,尤其在调水期横向迁移更加明显. 河岸滩区的开发类型及其耕作制度对地下水的硝氮含量产生重要的影响. 在鱼塘区,常年的土壤厌氧环境加重了氮的下渗迁移和积累;在荷塘区,春夏季节,土壤淹没呈厌氧环境,氮迁移和硝化作用显著,在秋冬季节,土壤呈好氧环境,氮硝化作用显著发生,全年氮达到相对平衡的状态;距离河岸50～200 m之间氮的硝化-反硝化作用强烈,是一个高效的微生物氮净化单元. 人工湿地施用的农家粪是有机物流失的重要源头,河岸滩区土壤质地呈沙性,渗透能力强,土壤保水保肥能力差,在此区进行农业活动,尤其是人工湿地开发中大量施用肥料,容易造成土壤表层有机质和氮磷养分因灌溉而导致的下渗流失,进而污染地下水与河水,较由降雨引起的地表径流流失显得更为突出. 距离河道50～200 m的范围是重要的污染净化单元,为典型的滩区地下水-河流的水陆交错带. 该区域的合理保护,对于保护河流水质和地下水水质十分重要.     

Spatial and temporal variations in groundwater nitrate at an intensive dairy farm in south-east Ireland: Insights from stable isotope data

Achievement of at least “good ecological status” in all waterbodies under the EU Water Framework Directive by 2015 will in some cases be a challenge. The twin challenge is to manage expectations of policy makers for such waterbodies as to a realistic length of time required for improvement in water quality. Hence, understanding the source, transformation processes and residence time of nitrate in a hydrological system is an essential part of meeting such challenges. On a dairy farm with 24 shallow groundwater wells, the dual isotopic composition of nitrate (δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O) was used to clarify nitrate sources, to assess spatial and temporal variability in nitrate concentrations and to determine if and where denitrification was occurring. Vertical travel time was estimated to correlate nitrate concentrations with management practices. Organically derived nitrogen was the predominant source contributing to groundwater nitrate concentrations. Denitrification was identified as prevalent within specific regions of the study site. The distinct low temporal variability in the isotopic data suggests constancy among nitrate sources and processes over time across the study site. Vertical travel times of up to 3 years were estimated on site indicating the influence of recent management practices on nitrate concentrations. Very slow horizontal migration of groundwater (decades) indicates a legacy of older management practices. Stable isotope techniques, together with an understanding of time lag, provide an extra mechanism to test the efficacy of monitoring and mitigation programmes.     

石油化工场地环境评价

介绍了石油化工场地环境评价的程序和方法,内容主要包括石油化工场地环境评价的基本内容、土壤和地下水监测点位的布设、样品的采集与保存、样品的预处理及分析、质量控制等.