应对气候变化的重要措施:碳汇造林

通过植树造林增加"碳汇"是针对气候变化问题的一项重要应对措施,与节能减排相比,具有成本低、易操作、可持续等优点。近年来,世界各国就林业碳汇问题不断达成共识,国际与国内碳汇市场发展迅速。开展碳汇造林不仅有助于我国实现既定的碳减排目标,同时顺应森林生态效益市场化趋势,有望让造林者通过清洁发展机制实现经济收益。为了让读者更全面深入地了解"碳汇造林",本刊特邀请有关专家对森林碳汇的产生背景、作用机制以及在我国开展碳汇造林工作的意义和前景进行分析解读。     

胞外碳酸酐酶对湖泊微藻稳定碳同位素组成的影响

本文以红枫湖、百花湖和阿哈水库中的微藻为研究对象,通过测定湖水中的DIC含量,微藻胞外碳酸酐酶活力和藻体的稳定碳同位素组成等信息,来研究湖泊微藻的碳同位素组成对全球气候变化的响应。结果发现:水体无机碳和微藻胞外碳酸酐酶活力是影响湖泊微藻稳定碳同位素组成变化的决定性因素。本研究所获得的认识将在全球气候变化方面具有重要意义。     

电絮凝去除废水中多种重金属影响因素研究

目的以铁作为电极,研究电絮凝法处理含多种重金属废水的影响因素及效果。方法通过控制pH、停留时间、电流密度、电导率、废水初始浓度等因素至不同水平,考察处理效果、能耗及极板消耗的变化。结果随着停留时间、pH值及电流密度的升高,处理效果越好,但升高至一定程度后,处理效果提升并不明显;电导率对处理效果影响并不显著,但过低的电导率会增加能耗;废水初始浓度越高,要达到处理目标所需的能耗及极板消耗均越高。结论当pH为8.5~9.0、进水电导率为1500~2000μs/cm、停留时间为3~4 min、废水初始质量浓度20 mg/L、电流密度为13.2~19.8 A/m2时,处理效果最理想,对总铜、总镍、总铅、总锌、总镉及总铬的去除率达到99%以上,且能耗与极板消耗均为最低,电絮凝法更适合于重金属废水的深度处理。     

印江槽谷型喀斯特地区植被碳储量及固碳潜力研究

以印江槽谷型喀斯特石漠化地区11种植被类型(人工纯林、人工混交林、天然纯林、天然混交林、疏林、竹林、经果林、灌木林、石山地、宜林地、草地)为研究对象,分析了植被碳储量的空间分布格局,并对区域植被固碳速率、碳储量进行了估算,并预测了理论最大固碳潜力。结果表明:印江研究区植被碳储量空间分布为,乔木层(25.06t/hm2)灌木层(3.51t/hm2)草本层(1.10t/hm2),其平均固碳速率为10.63t/(hm2·a),植被碳储量为172.23×103 t,植被理论最大固碳潜力为94.02t/hm2。研究结果对于评价和估计印江槽谷型喀斯特石漠化地区森林的碳汇功能,以及提高碳储量有重要意义。     

氧化铁纳米粒子对土壤呼吸作用的影响研究

为了解Fe2O3纳米粒子对土壤有机碳分解矿化能力的影响,本研究采用室内培养实验,探讨了Fe2O3纳米粒子对土壤呼吸作用的影响。结果表明,在土壤中添加Fe2O3纳米粒子能够增强土壤呼吸作用,当Fe2O3纳米粒子加入量为10 g·kg-1时,土壤呼吸作用最强。本研究表明Fe2O3纳米粒子具有增强土壤有机碳分解矿化的作用。     

Photocatalytic activity of Fe-doped CaTiO3 under UV-visible light

The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue（MB） over Fe-doped CaTiO3 under UV-visible light was investigated. The as-prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscope（SEM） equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer（EDS） system, Fourier transform infrared spectra（FT-IR）, and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy（DRS）. The results show that the doping with Fe significantly promoted the light absorption ability of CaTiO3 in the visible light region. The Fe-doped CaTiO3 exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than CaTiO3 for the degradation of MB.However, the photocatalytic activity of the Fe-doped CaTiO3 was greatly influenced by the calcination temperature during the preparation process. The Fe-doped CaTiO3 prepared at500°C exhibited the best photocatalytic activity, with degradation of almost 100% MB（10 ppm）under UV-visible light for 180 min.     

Pd/activated carbon sorbents for mid-temperature capture of mercury from coal-derived fuel gas

Higher concentrations of Hg can be emitted from coal pyrolysis or gasification than from coal combustion, especially elemental Hg. Highly efficient Hg removal technology from coal-derived fuel gas is thus of great importance. Based on the very excellent Hg removal ability of Pd and the high adsorption abilities of activated carbon（AC） for H2 S and Hg, a series of Pd/AC sorbents was prepared by using pore volume impregnation, and their performance in capturing Hg and H2 S from coal-derived fuel gas was investigated using a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. The effects of loading amount, reaction temperature and reaction atmosphere on Hg removal from coal-derived fuel gas were studied. The sorbents were characterized by N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The results indicated that the efficiency of Hg removal increased with the increasing of Pd loading amount, but the effective utilization rate of the active component Pd decreased significantly at the same time. High temperature had a negative influence on the Hg removal. The efficiency of Hg removal in the N2-H2S-H2-CO-Hg atmosphere（simulated coal gas） was higher than that in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres, which showed that H2 and CO, with their reducing capacity, could benefit promote the removal of Hg. The XPS results suggested that there were two different ways of capturing Hg over sorbents in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres.     

Debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether by organo-montmorillonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron：Preparation, characterization and influence factors

An organo-montmorillonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron material(M-NZVI) was synthesized to degrade decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-209). The results showed that nanoscale zero-valent iron had good dispersion on organo-montmorillonite and was present as a core-shell structure with a particle size range of nanoscale iron between 30–90 nm, characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XRF, ICP-AES, and XPS. The results of the degradation of BDE-209 by M-NZVI showed that the efficiency of M-NZVI in removing BDE-209 was much higher than that of NZVI. The efficiency of M-NZVI in removing BDE-209 decreased as the pH and the initial dissolved oxygen content of the reaction solution increased, but increased as the proportion of water in the reaction solution increased.     

秸秆生物炭还田对围垦盐碱土壤的低碳化改良

利用芦苇秸秆和其生物炭还田改良围垦盐碱土壤。通过盆栽实验,从改良后土壤的脱盐率、植物的生长情况和生物量以及土壤呼吸和有土壤机碳含量等方面研究和比较了芦苇及其生物炭还田对围垦盐碱土壤的改良效应以及对土壤碳收支的影响。研究结果表明:秸秆和秸秆生物炭改良后土壤的含盐量显著低于空白对照,两者改良后的植物总收获量(干重)基本相同,均显著高于未改良的空白对照,但生物炭还田改良后的土壤呼吸强度显著低于秸秆直接还田,改良后其土壤有机碳含量也高于后者以及空白对照。高度稳定的生物炭还田能有效抵抗微生物的分解作用,因此其土壤微生物总量低于秸秆直接还田,从而导致土壤异养微生物活性较弱,使得生物炭中的碳得以在土壤中长期保存,增加了土壤有机碳含量,降低了土壤呼吸,是一种较低碳的秸秆还田措施。     

德州市大气细粒子中碳组分的污染特征研究

2012年2-9月间在德州市城区及郊区布置6个采样点位,分别采集了采暖季(2012年2月28日-3月4日)、风沙季(2012年5月3日-8日)、非采暖季(2012年9月20日-9月25日)共216个PM2.5样品膜,采用美国Sunset Laboratory Inc热光反射法碳谱分析仪测定了PM2.5样品中OC、EC的浓度值,应用OC/EC比值法对SOC进行了估算。结果表明,德州市PM2.5污染较严重,年平均浓度为159.68μg/m3,各点位浓度的空间分布无明显差异,季节变化趋势为:采暖季>风沙季>非采暖季。PM2.5中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为16.80μg/m3、3.65μg/m3;OC和EC的日均浓度分别占PM2.5的9.61%和2.10%,OC是PM2.5的重要组成部分;OC、EC浓度的季节变化趋势与PM2.5浓度特征相同。年平均浓度为3.91μg/m3;SOC在OC和PM2.5中所占的比例分别为22.30%和2.54%,SOC对OC具有较大的贡献;SOC在OC中所占的比值季节变化趋势为风沙季>非采暖季>采暖季。