十溴联苯醚对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗的影响

为评价十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对植物的生态毒性效应,探明植物抵抗BDE-209胁迫的反应机制,文章选用紫花苜蓿作为受试植物,考察了不同浓度BDE-209污染土壤对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,并对幼苗体内的抗氧化酶活性(POD、CAT、SOD)及可溶性蛋白质(SP)对污染物胁迫的响应进行了研究,同时还对植株的根、叶片进行扫描电镜观察。结果表明,BDE-209胁迫处理与各项生长指标呈显著负相关,抑制作用强度依次为根长>鲜重>芽长>发芽率。植株体内的抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量随污染物浓度的增加不断上升,符合线性关系,POD、CAT、SOD的活性最大可高达对照的3倍、1.77倍和2.81倍,可溶性蛋白含量可达到对照的1.89倍。扫描电镜结果显示,随着污染物浓度的提高,植物根部发根增多,叶片上气孔密度增大,气孔开度变小。     

Screening for antioxidant and detoxification responses in Perna canaliculus Gmelin exposed to an antifouling bioactive intended for use in aquaculture

Polygodial is a drimane sesquiterpene dialdehyde derived from certain terrestrial plant species that potently inhibits ascidian metamorphosis, and thus has potential for controlling fouling ascidians in bivalve aquaculture. The current study examined the effects of polygodial on a range of biochemical biomarkers of oxidative stress and detoxification effort in the gills of adult Perna canaliculus Gmelin. Despite high statistical power and the success of positive controls, the antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD); thiol status, as measured by total glutathione (GSH-t), glutathione disulphide (GSSG), and GSH-t/GSSG ratio; end products of oxidative damage, lipid hydroperoxides (LHPO) and protein carbonyls; and detoxification pathways, represented by GSH-t and glutathione S-transferase (GST), were unaffected in the gills of adult P. canaliculus exposed to polygodial at 0.1 or 1 × the 99% effective dose in fouling ascidians (IC₉₉). Similarly, GR levels, thiol status, and detoxification activities were unaffected in mussels exposed to polygodial at 10 × the IC₉₉, although GPOX, CAT, and SOD activities increased. However, the increases were small relative to positive controls, no corresponding oxidative damage was detected, and this concentration greatly exceeds effective doses required to inhibit fouling ascidians in aquaculture. These findings compliment a previous study that established the insensitivity to polygodial of P. canaliculus growth, condition, and mitochondrial functioning, providing additional support for the suitability of polygodial for use as an antifouling agent in bivalve aquaculture.     

碱性及含硫化合物对十溴联苯醚热降解的影响

将十溴联苯醚（BDE-209）于400~600℃的温度范围内进行热降解,利用GC、GC/MS对产物种类及含量变化进行分析,讨论了温度、时间、碱性化合物和含硫化合物对BDE-209降解以及对溴代二噁英生成的影响.结果表明.温度和时间均是BDE-209热降解和生成溴代二噁英的重要影响因素;热降解40min时,450℃条件下溴代二噁英生成量最多;产物种类证实碱性化合物通过与BDE-209脱溴形成的HBr反应促进降解,且可抑制二噁英的生成;含硫化合物的添加同样促进BDE-209降解,抑制二噁英的形成,其详细的抑制机理有待进一步确定,BDE-209的降解反应有两种情况,即苯环上的脱溴反应和醚键的断裂反应.     

表面活性剂对苏云金芽孢杆菌J-1降解BDE-209的影响

表面活性剂对有机污染物污染的环境有增效修复作用。本文通过考察鼠李糖脂、蔗糖脂肪酸酯和茶皂素对BDE-209的增溶作用、对菌J-1生长的影响及菌J-1对表面活性剂的利用,研究了3种表面活性剂对菌J-1降解BDE-209的影响及机理。结果表明：3种表面活性剂对BDE-209的增溶能力大小为：鼠李糖脂>蔗糖脂肪酸酯>茶皂素。低浓度鼠李糖脂（<100 mg/L ）、蔗糖脂肪酸酯（<50 mg/L）和茶皂素（<50mg/L）都能促进J-1对BDE-209的降解,且促进作用随表面活性剂浓度增加而增强,最高分别可将BDE-209降解率提高23.18%,16.47%和12.64%。3种表面活性剂中、高浓度均对J-1降解BDE-209有抑制作用,当鼠李糖脂、蔗糖脂肪酸酯和茶皂素浓度为1000 mg/L时,J-1对BDE-209的降解率分别降低35.32%、16.54%和27.76％。低浓度表面活性剂的促进作用是增溶和协同代谢的综合效应;中等浓度的蔗糖脂肪酸酯（200-700mg/L）和茶皂素（100-200mg/L）的抑制作用是由于底物竞争或（/和）表面活性剂胶束内裹BDE-209阻碍了菌J-1 与其接触所致;而高浓度表面活性剂的抑制作用是由于表面活性剂对菌J-1的毒害所致。     

十溴联苯醚(BDE 209)孕哺期及出生后暴露对子代小鼠血液系统影响初探

本研究旨在探讨BDE 209长期暴露对出生后不同发育阶段子鼠血液系统的影响。将75只雌性昆明小鼠随机分为对照组、低剂量组(1.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)和高剂量组(225 mg·kg-1·d-1)。BDE 209暴露10 d后,将雌鼠与雄鼠合笼。选取怀孕时间相近(相差不过2 d)的10只孕鼠持续染毒直至自然分娩。出生后子鼠在哺乳期通过母乳染毒,断乳后则按照与母鼠相同的方式进行染毒,并在不同时间点进行外周血常规、外周血形态学、骨髓细胞形态学、骨髓细胞染色体组型和数目分析。血常规结果显示,低、高剂量BDE 209暴露对出生后不同发育阶段子鼠的白细胞计数没有影响,即白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞及单核细胞的数量均无显著变化(P0.05);红细胞系统检查显示一定性别差异,即低剂量和高剂量BDE 209染毒的雄性小鼠在PND30出现红细胞(RBC)(P0.05)、血红蛋白(Hb)(P0.05或P0.01)及红细胞压积(P0.05或P0.01)的显著降低;而雌性小鼠只在PND 30出现红细胞压积的降低(P0.05);在PND 30,高剂量暴露组的雌性及雄性小鼠,低剂量暴露组的雌性小鼠均出现血小板计数的显著降低(P0.05或P0.01);而PND 60、PND 90的实验组血小板均未观察到显著改变(P0.05)。外周血形态学检查表明,低剂量组在PND 30、PND 60,及高剂量组在PND 90检测到典型异常结果多表现为白细胞数的增多。而低剂量组在PND 90检测到的典型异常结果多表现为异型深染淋巴细胞(P0.05)。骨髓形态学检测表明,低剂量组子代雄性及雌性小鼠在PND 60、PND 90骨髓涂片可检测到骨髓细胞的异常结果,表现为骨髓增生活跃,高剂量组雄性小鼠在PND 90观察到3例异常涂片,表现为骨髓增生异常(P0.05)。研究结果表明,BDE 209长期暴露可能导致出生子代外周血和骨髓的毒性,提示具有血液系统发育毒性。     

BDE-47和BDE-209对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性的抑制特性及分子作用力研究

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是应用广泛的溴代阻燃剂,其中2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)和2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)广泛存在于环境中。PBDEs具有神经毒性,但其致毒机制尚不明确。本文通过研究BDE-47与BDE-209对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性的影响及二者与AChE相互作用的光谱分析,揭示BDE-47与BDE-209导致神经毒性的致毒机制。BDE-47和BDE-209在一定浓度范围内均能够抑制AChE分解乙酰胆碱;随着浓度的增加,两者的抑制率均呈现出先增加后降低的规律。BDE-47浓度为400μmol·L-1时抑制率达到最大,为22.3%;BDE-209浓度为200μmol·L-1时抑制率达到最大,为11.2%。相同浓度下,BDE-47对AChE的抑制率始终大于BDE-209,表明AChE对BDE-47更加敏感。荧光光谱分析结果表明BDE-47和BDE-209与AChE之间的相互作用均主要为疏水作用,同时不存在范德华引力作用;BDE-47与AChE的结合常数大于BDE-209与AChE的结合常数,表明BDE-47更易与AChE相互作用。此外,温度的升高不利于BDE-47和BDE-209与AChE之间相互作用。BDE-47和BDE-209抑制AChE活性很可能是导致神经毒性通路之一。     

BDE-209和PCB153在致大鼠肝细胞DNA蛋白质交联(DPC)上的拮抗作用

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)都是为人熟知的持久性有机污染物,也同为室内半挥发性有机物(SVOcs).由于二者结构类似,通常认为PBDEs具有和PCBs相似的毒性.染毒剂BDE-209和PCB153分别是PBDEs和PCB家族的主要同系物,并且同时存在于环境和人体组织中.实验以DNA蛋白质交联(DPC)...     

智能应力或结构损伤自敏涂层研究现状及展望

详细介绍了机械零部件表面应力和结构损伤检测的研究现状,重点介绍了荧光涂层应力检测的原理、优势以及发展现状.分析了基于稀土荧光离子的应力检测涂层的需求,并就其应用原理和发展现状进行了表述.介绍了不同材料体系下应力及结构损伤检测范围,以及应力自敏涂层目前的应用现状和未来发展趋势.     

Behavior of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in soil: effects of rhizosphere and mycorrhizal colonization of ryegrass roots

A rhizobox experiment was conducted to investigate degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in the rhizosphere of ryegrass and the influence of root colonization with an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. BDE-209 dissipation in soil varied with its proximity to the roots and was enhanced by AM inoculation. A negative correlation (P < 0.001, R² = 0.66) was found between the residual BDE-209 concentration in soil and soil microbial biomass estimated as the total phospholipid fatty acids, suggesting a contribution of microbial degradation to BDE-209 dissipation. Twelve and twenty-four lower brominated PBDEs were detected in soil and plant samples, respectively, with a higher proportion of di- through hepta-BDE congeners in the plant tissues than in the soils, indicating the occurrence of BDE-209 debromination in the soil-plant system. AM inoculation increased the levels of lower brominated PBDEs in ryegrass. These results provide important information about the behavior of BDE-209 in the soil-plant system.