Aerobic biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-209) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Aerobic biodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-209) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa under the influence of co-metabolic substrates and heavy metal cadmium ion was studied, The results showed that certain amount of co-metabolic substrates, such as glucose, sucrose, lactose, starch, and beef extract, would promote the biodegradation of PBDE-209, among which glucose most favorably accelerated PBDE-209 degradation by about 36% within 5 d. The highest degradation efficiency was reached at the ratio of PBDE-209 and glucose 1:5 while excessive carbon source would actually hamper the degradation efficiency. Exploration of influences of cadmium ion on PBDE-209 biodegradation indicated that degradation efficiency was stimulated at low concentrations of Cd²⁺ (0.5–2 mg L⁻¹) while inhibited at higher levels (5–10 mg L⁻¹), inferring that the heavy metals of different concentrations possessed mixed reactions on PBDE-209 bioremoval. Bromine ion was produced during the biotransformation process and its concentration had a good negative correlation with the residues of PBDE-209. Two nonabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE-208, PBDE-207), four octabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE-203, PBDE-202, PBDE-197, PBDE-196) and one heptabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE-183) were formed with the decomposition of PBDE-209, demonstrating that the main aerobic transformation mechanism of PBDE-209 was debromination.     

十溴联苯醚在土壤中吸附行为的研究

初步研究了十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)在土壤上的吸附行为,并探讨了影响吸附行为的环境因素:pH值、温度.结果表明,pH对BDE-209的吸附影响不显著;温度越高,吸附量越大.土壤对BDE-209的吸附经历了2个平衡:0～32 h达到第1次平衡;32～72 h达到第2次吸附平衡;吸附平衡时间为48 h.土壤对BDE-20...     

Patterns and concentration levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in placental tissue of women in Denmark

The levels and congener patterns of PBDEs were investigated in human placental samples in Denmark. The median concentrations of ∑PBDE_tri-hepta and BDE-209 in the 50 samples were 1.22 and 1.14 ng g⁻¹ lw, respectively, with the total sum ranging from 0.51 to 17.1 ng g⁻¹ lw, which is similar to previous placental studies. The PBDE content in placental tissue was dominated by BDE-209, which accounted for approximately 50% of the total amount of PBDEs. BDE-47, -99, and -153 were detected in all samples. Approximately equal amounts of BDE-47 and BDE-153 were observed in the placental tissue, which is in agreement with previous European studies of human serum. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to analyze congener patterns within and between mothers. The loading plot showed groupings of the measured PBDE variables in three groups, representative of Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE technical mixtures. Congeners representing the individual technical mixtures were close to orthogonal or inversely correlated, indicating variation in the congener patterns of internal exposure corresponding to the patterns of technical mixtures used in products. Visualisation of the participant objects according to body mass index (BMI), revealed inherent congener patterns (19% X-variance) showing increased frequency for participants within the highest BMI group to have elevated concentrations of BDE-209 in the placental tissue.     

Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in harbor seals from the northwest Atlantic

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in blubber of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) collected between 1991 and 2005 along the northwest Atlantic. ∑PBDE concentrations (mono- to hexa-BDEs) detected in blubber samples (n = 42) ranged from 80 to 25 720 ng g⁻¹ lw, (overall mean 2403 ± 5406 ng g⁻¹ lw). By age, mean ∑PBDE concentrations were: 3645 ± 7388, 2945 ± 5995, 1385 ± 1265, and 326 ± 193 ng g⁻¹ lw in pups, yearlings, adult males, and adult females, respectively. Unlike the trend for PCBs, no decreasing gradient from urban to rural/remote areas was observed for PBDEs in these samples, likely reflecting inputs from local sources. No significant temporal trend was observed for PBDEs in harbor seals between 1991 and 2005, although congener profiles shifted over time. Tetra-BDE-47 was the dominant congener, followed by BDEs-99, -100, -153, -154, and -155 in varying order, suggesting exposure to the penta-BDE product. In adult males, the hexa-BDEs contributed more to the total (22%) than BDEs-99 and -100 (14%), and concentrations of BDE-155 were elevated compared with -154. Higher BDEs were detected in a subset of seals (n = 12) including hepta-BDE-183, the marker for the octa-BDE mixture, and octa-BDE-197, along with several unidentified hepta- and octa- congeners. BDE-209 was detected in seal blubber at concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 8 ng g⁻¹ lw, indicating that deca-BDE is bioavailable in this marine food web. This is the first study to document the accumulation of BDE-209 at measurable levels in wild harbor seals. While the PBDE patterns in blubber indicate exposure to all three BDE commercial mixtures, the data also suggest that BDE-209 debromination by seal prey fish may contribute to the loading of lower brominated congeners (hexa- to octa-BDEs) in these seals.     

废砖块作为人工湿地填料的除磷能力研究

对废砖块的物理化学特性进行了分析,并对其进行了磷素吸附能力试验,结果表明,废砖块适于湿地微生物的富集和植物的生长且具有较高的磷素吸附能力.通过构建以废砖块为填料的垂直流人工湿地系统考察并初步探索了其对生活污水中磷素的去除效果和去除机制.结果表明,当水力负荷为5 cm·d-1、运行时间为1 a时,湿地系统除磷效率在90%以上,且效果稳定;废砖块的吸附沉淀作用是湿地系统除磷的主要途径,而植物和微生物直接吸收所起的作用不大;被截留磷素在湿地填料层中具有明显的空间特征,对废砖块中的无机磷形态分析结果表明,废砖块中能与磷素发生沉淀反应的元素含量和其在废砖块中的化学形态是影响其吸附沉淀磷素作用途径的重要因素.因此,废砖块是人工湿地污水处理系统构建过程中较为理想的填料.     

BDE-209和PCB153在致大鼠肝细胞DNA蛋白质交联(DPC)上的拮抗作用

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)都是为人熟知的持久性有机污染物,也同为室内半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)。由于二者结构类似,通常认为PBDEs具有和PCBs相似的毒性。染毒剂BDE-209和PCB153分别是PBDEs和PCB家族的主要同系物,并且同时存在于环境和人体组织中。实验以DNA蛋白质交联(DPC)为生物标志物研究BDE-209和PCB153单独及联合染毒的遗传毒性。对大鼠肝细胞在37℃下染毒1h。浓度设置如下:BDE-209(0、1、6.5、12μg.mL-1);PCB153(0、1、6.5、12μg.mL-1);BDE-209(3.25μg.mL-1)+PCB153(3.25μg.mL-1)。实验结果显示:与溶剂对照相比,测得DPC水平随BDE-209(或PCB153)浓度增大而显著增高(p<0.01);PCB153比BDE-209引起更高水平的DPC(p<0.05或p<0.01);联合染毒组的DPC水平显著低于PCB153组(p<0.01),但稍高于BDE-209组(p>0.05)。从以上结果可知,BDE-209和PCB153之间存在拮抗作用;BDE-209和PCB153具有遗传毒性,并且就致DPC作用而言,二者之间可能存在拮抗作用。     

铜绿假单胞菌胞内酶粗提液对十溴联苯醚的降解

探讨了铜绿假单胞菌粗酶液对十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的降解特性,结果表明,该菌株胞内酶在12 h内对1 mg.L-1的BDE-209降解率达到了69.22%,温度、pH值、酶蛋白浓度及底物BDE-209浓度均会影响胞内酶粗提液对BDE-209的降解效率.当BDE-209浓度为1 mg.L-1时,BDE-209适宜的酶促降解条件为:温度30℃,反应pH值7.5,且降解率随着酶浓度的增加而增大.胞内酶对BDE-209的降解过程符合一级动力学反应模型,底物浓度为1 mg.L-1时降解速率最快,半衰期为6.9 h.胞内酶降解BDE-209符合高浓度底物抑制的酶促反应类型,其基本降解动力学参数为rmax=0.133 mg.(L.h)-1,Km=0.642mg.L-1,Ki=1.558 mg.L-1.     

青海省西宁市与天峻县大气中得克隆与十溴联苯醚的水平与来源

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)与得克隆(DP)是两种常见的添加型卤代阻燃剂,被广泛应用于各种电子产品中.由于其普遍存在于多种环境介质中,现已成为一种广泛存在的污染物,可能会对人体及生态系统产生潜在的危害.本研究测定了青海省西宁市与海西蒙古族藏族自治州天峻县夏、冬两季大气中BDE-209与DP的水平.结果表明,青海省西宁市夏、冬两季大气中BDE-209的平均水平分别为370 pg·m-3、470 pg·m-3,天峻县为220 pg·m-3、390 pg·m-3,与其他城市和地区相比,属于水平较高的地区.而西宁市大气中DP的平均水平为0.85 pg·m-3、0.25 pg·m-3,天峻县为0.24 pg·m-3、0.16 pg·m-3,西宁市水平高于天峻县,夏季水平高于冬季,与其他地区相比,青海省DP整体水平较低.西宁市与天峻县DP的同分异构体中,anti-DP所占比例分别是0.66±0.04与0.68±0.06,在时间与时空上的变化均不明显.青海省BDE-209与DP呈现弱的负相关性,说明两种污染物在青海省可能没有相同的本地源.     

广西背景大气中生物质燃烧对碳质气溶胶组成和吸光性的影响

碳质气溶胶是大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的重要组成部分,对空气质量、人体健康和气候变化均有重要影响.针对生物质燃烧（BB）这一碳质气溶胶的重要来源,于2017年11月至2018年10月在广西壮族自治区背景地区采集了PM_2.5样品,分析了样品中的碳质组成、糖类化合物和水溶性棕色碳（BrC）的吸光系数（b_abs）.使用气团老化指数（AAM）校正LG浓度以消除LG降解带来的影响,进而结合贝叶斯混合模型与分子示踪剂法量化了BB对有机碳（OC）的贡献率,并通过相关性分析法探讨了BrC的可能来源.结果表明,研究期间AAM指数平均值为0.40±0.28,表示LG存在光化学降解过程.农作物秸秆是广西地区最主要的生物质燃料类型,在未考虑LG降解下,全年玉米、水稻和甘蔗秸秆焚烧排放的OC分别占总OC的22%、23%和18%;考虑LG在大气中的降解后,相对贡献率分别降低至16%、21%和17%.LG的降解会导致BB对OC的贡献率评估被低估,经过AAM指数校正后,全年BB对OC的贡献率平均值为49.0%.水溶性BrC的b_abs全年的平均值为（8.7±10.7） Mm^-1,其中BB、化石燃料燃烧以及初级生物气溶胶排放可能是BrC的重要来源.     

Cl-BDE-208和BDE-209诱导LINE-1基因低甲基化和ESR1基因高甲基化

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)是使用最多的一种多溴阻燃剂,由于具有高亲脂性和低挥发性,容易蓄积在生物体内,在人体血清、母乳、肝脏等组织中均有检出;其环境脱溴产物九溴一氯联苯醚(Cl-BDE-208)也在血清样品和环境样品中被频频检出,而目前对这种化合物的毒理学研究,特别是对人体早期健康效应的研究较少。为了评估Cl-BDE-208和BDE-209的早期健康效应,以人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7为模型,环境相关浓度(0.375~3μmol·L-1)为暴露浓度,检测Cl-BDE-208和BDE-209对重复序列LINE-1、全基因组DNA甲基化(GDM)和雌激素受体基因(包括ESR1和ESR2)甲基化水平的改变。结果表明,Cl-BDE-208和BDE-209都可能通过降低DNA甲基化转移酶(DNMTs)活性而诱导了LINE-1和GDM的低甲基化,8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHd G)水平的升高可能参与了BDE-209引起的低甲基化过程;同时通过促进雌激素受体α(ESR1)基因的高甲基化而显著下调了ESR1基因的表达,而对雌激素受体β(ESR2)基因甲基化水平并没有显著影响。Cl-BDE-208和BDE-209都可能通过改变DNA甲基化水平而影响人体的早期健康效应,同时ESR1基因的高甲基化可能是Cl-BDE-208和BDE-209引起内分泌毒性的机制之一。