Formation of dioxins during exposure of pesticide formulations to sunlight

Chlorinated pesticides can contain impurities of dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and their precursors, as a result of various manufacturing processes and conditions. As precursor formation of PCDD/Fs can also be mediated by ultraviolet light (UV), this study investigated whether PCDD/Fs are formed when currently used pesticides are exposed to natural sunlight. Formulations containing pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB; n = 2) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; n = 1) were exposed to sunlight in quartz tubes, and the concentration of 93 PCDD/F congeners were monitored over time. Considerable formation of PCDD/Fs was observed in both PCNB formulations (by up to 5600%, to a maximum concentration of 57 000 μg ∑PCDD/F kg⁻¹) as well as the 2,4-D formulation (by 3000%, to 140 μg ∑PCDD/F kg⁻¹). TEQ also increased by up to 980%, to a maximum concentration of 28 μg kg⁻¹ in PCNB, but did not change in the 2,4-D formulation. Assuming similar yields as observed in the present study as a worst case scenario the use of PCNB in Australia may result in the formation of 155 g TEQ annum⁻¹, contributed primarily by OCDD formation. This warrants detailed evaluations on the contemporary release of PCDD/Fs to the environment after the use of pesticides. Changes in congener profiles (including the ratio of PCDDs to PCDFs (DF ratio)) suggest that pesticide sources of PCDD/Fs after sunlight exposure may not be recognized based on matching source fingerprints established from manufacturing impurities. These changes also provide preliminary insights into the possible formation routes and types of precursors involved.     

新庄煤矿井下出现不明雾气原因分析

根据新庄煤矿 1110 1进风巷出现不明雾气 ,笔者认为 ,研究和分析该雾气的成因及是否有毒 ,对煤矿安全生产和矿工的生命安全与健康至关重要。通过现场气象测定和实验室模拟试验 ,确定了雾气成因 ,经雾气发生地点采样分析 ,空气中未发现有毒气体。经实测分析和研究表明 ,进风巷雾气成因是 :当突然打开 1110 1工作面回风巷道中的调节风门时 ,巷道气压突然降低 ,空气膨胀 ,温度有所下降 ,使得空气中的水分凝结 ,从而形成雾气。通过实验室模拟实验再现了这一过程 ,表明对雾气现象的分析和研究的结果是正确的     

东川因民矿区地下水-选厂水水化学特征及资源化影响因素

矿区水质分析结果表明,地下水属弱碱性淡水软水-微硬水。泉水水化学类型为HCO3-Ca·Mg。坑道水水化学类型为HCO3-Mg·Ca、HCO3·SO4-Mg·Ca、SO4·HCO3-Mg·Ca和SO4-Mg·Ca。地下水水化学成分的变化与(SO42-)浓度相关。泉水与坑道水具有一定的水力联系。选厂排放水中Pb、As含量高于坑道水。坑道水、选厂排放水具有弱侵蚀性。采矿活动和选矿过程对地下水-选厂水水质有较大影响,地下水水化学演变受控于矿业活动和矿区地球化学背景。     

Measurement of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxide concentrations during autumn in Beijing, China

Gaseous peroxides play important roles in atmospheric chemistry. To understand the pathways of the formation and removal of peroxides, atmospheric peroxide concentrations and their controlling factors were measured from 7:00 to 20:00 in September, October, and November 2013 at a heavily trafficked residential site in Beijing, China, with average concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and methyl hydroperoxide (MHP) at 0.55 ppb and 0.063 ppb, respectively. H₂O₂ concentrations were higher in the afternoon and lower in the morning and evening, while MHP concentrations did not exhibit a regular diurnal pattern. Both H₂O₂ and MHP concentrations increased at dusk in most cases. Both peroxides displayed monthly variations with higher concentrations in September. These results suggested that photochemical activity was the main controlling factor on variations of H₂O₂ concentrations during the measurement period. Increasing concentrations of volatile organic compounds emitted by motor vehicles were important contributors to H₂O₂ and MHP enrichment. High levels of H₂O₂ and MHP concentrations which occurred during the measurement period probably resulted from the transport of a polluted air mass with high water vapor content passing over the Bohai Bay, China.     

城市面源污染形成过程及其排放特征研究进展

随着城市的迅速发展,城市面源污染日益成为影响城市水体水质的重要因素。本文按照地表累积—降水—径流冲刷—输送这一城市面源污染的形成过程对次降雨径流平均浓度、初始冲刷效益等污染特征进行了研究,分析了不同下垫面及不同功能区的污染特性。     

淮南潘谢矿区岩溶水化学特征及其形成机制研究

淮南煤田深部煤层开采受其下部岩溶水害的干扰,分析其化学组分分布规律、探讨其形成过程,可为水害防治提供一定的理论指导。本文以淮南潘谢矿区太原组岩溶含水层为研究对象,通过分析其水文地质背景,采用多元统计、水化学组分、水文地球化学反向模拟等方法,对该区两个次一级水文地质单元的水化学组分进行分析。结果表明：受挤压-拉张作用下的古地貌是影响古地下水补、径、排的重要因素;Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区阴、阳离子均以Cl^-、Na⁺+K⁺为主,但Ⅱ区中HCO₃^-占比较大,且Ⅰ区SO₄^2-含量大于Ⅱ区;受局部开放的氧化环境影响,Ⅰ区主要以阳离子交换作用为主,存在黄铁矿氧化,而Ⅱ区以阳离子交换作用与黄铁矿的氧化为主,为还原环境,但逐步向部分氧化环境转变;长期的矿山开采活动使得区内岩溶地下水流系统发生持续改变,也是影响单元间岩溶水质产生差异性的重要因素。     

渝东黄龙组碳酸盐岩储层的古岩溶特征和岩溶旋回

通过近百口全取芯钻井岩芯的岩石学、矿物学、古生物学和地球化学特征的综合研究 ,认为渝东及相邻川东地区的上石炭统黄龙组碳酸盐岩储层主要为古岩溶作用产物。文中简要介绍了黄龙组古岩溶型储层的主要识别标志和岩溶角砾岩的结构 成分分类方案 ,重点对岩溶相、岩溶地貌分区和微地貌单元、岩溶旋回和溶蚀段划分进行了较为详细的描述。在此基础上 ,建立了渝东黄龙组岩溶相、古岩溶地貌和岩溶旋回与古岩溶储层特征和分布关系的综合模式 ,指出岩溶斜坡和岩溶盆地分区中的坡地与残丘微地貌单元为最有利储层发育的部位 ,发育于C2 h2 白云岩段中的上部溶蚀段和下部溶蚀段为最有利古岩溶储层发育的层位     

Ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds emissions in China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major precursors for ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), both of which greatly harm human health and significantly affect the Earth''s climate. We simultaneously estimated ozone and SOA formation from anthropogenic VOCs emissions in China by employing photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) values and SOA yields. We gave special attention to large molecular species and adopted the SOA yield curves from latest smog chamber experiments. The estimation shows that alkylbenzenes are greatest contributors to both ozone and SOA formation (36.0% and 51.6%, respectively), while toluene and xylenes are largest contributing individual VOCs. Industry solvent use, industry process and domestic combustion are three sectors with the largest contributions to both ozone (24.7%, 23.0% and 17.8%, respectively) and SOA (22.9%, 34.6% and 19.6%, respectively) formation. In terms of the formation potential per unit VOCs emission, ozone is sensitive to open biomass burning, transportation, and domestic solvent use, and SOA is sensitive to industry process, domestic solvent use, and domestic combustion. Biomass stoves, paint application in industrial protection and buildings, adhesives application are key individual sources to ozone and SOA formation, whether measured by total contribution or contribution per unit VOCs emission. The results imply that current VOCs control policies should be extended to cover most important industrial sources, and the control measures for biomass stoves should be tightened. Finally, discrepant VOCs control policies should be implemented in different regions based on their ozone/aerosol concentration levels and dominant emission sources for ozone and SOA formation potential.     

真空不锈钢保温容器旋压成形工艺

真空不锈钢保温容器的内胆身及外壳采用旋压工艺成形,可节省原材料,减少加工工序及模具投资.本文对真空双层不锈钢保温容器的制作方案、内胆身及外壳的旋压毛坯形式、旋压成形工艺和旋压过程工艺参数的选择等方面进行了理论分析和实践研究,提出了避免保温容器产生旋压缺陷的措施及手段.     

掺磷渣硅酸盐水泥熟料形成动力学的研究

研究了磷渣对硅酸盐水泥熟料形成动力学的影响，得到了熟料形成反应的活化能和动力学常数，研究表明，磷渣是一种较好的矿化剂。