A critical review on lead migration, transformation and emission control in Chinese coal‐fired power plants

Coal is widely utilized as an important energy source, but coal-fired power plant was considered to be an important anthropogenic lead emission source. In the present study, the distribution characteristics of lead in coal and combustion by-products are reviewed. Specifically, lead is mainly transferred to ash particles and the formation and migration mechanisms of particulate lead are summarized. Also, targeted measures are proposed to control the formation of fine particulate lead as well as to increase the removal efficiency during the low-temperature flue gas clean process. In detail, interactions between gaseous lead and some coal-bearing minerals or added adsorbents could obviously suppress the formation of fine particulate lead. On the other hand, some efforts (including promoting capture of fine particles, reducing resistivity of particles and strengthening the gas-liquid contact) could be made to improve the fine particulate lead removal capacity. Notably, the formation mechanism of fine particulate lead is still unclear due to the limitations of research methods. Some differences in the removal principles of fine particles and particulate lead make the lead emission precisely control a great challenge. Finally, the environmental potential risk of lead emission from flue gas and ash residues is addressed and further discussed.     

河南内乡夏馆-高丘盆地的夏馆组及其时代

夏馆-高丘盆地的红层时代，根据目前已有恐龙蛋，孢粉，轮藻与盆地发展史及邻区同位素年龄资料综合分析。归属晚白垩世早期或中-早期比较合适，按照“中国地层指南”的规定，建议恢复和正式使用夏馆组一名，废弃高沟组，马家村组，桑坪组等名称，并不需再建新的岩石地层单位，河南西南部的众多盆地内的红层时代基本上属于晚白垩世。     

酸雨的形成、危害及防治对策

我国酸雨正呈蔓延之势 ,酸雨区面积占国土面积的 30 % ,已成为继欧洲、北美之后世界第三大重酸雨区。酸雨给地球生态环境和人类社会经济都带来严重的影响和破坏。酸雨的防治 ,一靠完善的环境法规和执法力度 ;二靠先进的技术和设备。本文介绍了酸雨的成因、危害及酸雨治理的措施     

ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER RECHARGE EXPERIMENTS IN CARBONATE AND CLASTIC AQUIFERS OF KUWAIT1

ABSTRACT: Injection of water and subsequent withdrawal were carried out in three existing water wells (SU-10, C-105, and SU-135A) in Kuwait. The objective of the study was to assess the technical feasibility of artificial recharge in the carbonate Dammam Formation and the clastic Kuwait Group aquifers. In the absence of any pretreatment of injection water and measures for maintenance of line pressure, clogging from suspended solids and air entrapment occurred in all three experiments. It was, however, possible to inject for one month in Wells SU-10 and C-105 where injection took place in the Dammam aquifer. In Well SU-135A, where the Kuwait Group aquifer was the target for injection, clogging became so severe that the injection experiment had to be abandoned. The injection/withdrawal data were analyzed with the help of a multi-aquifer flow model and a transport model. The models took into account the effects of crossflow within the boreholes on the distribution of intake and discharge rates for different aquifers, and hence, on the recovery efficiency. The experiments suggested that the artificial recharge of the Dammam and the Kuwait Group aquifers was technically feasible. The problem of clogging was, however, more severe for the Kuwait Group.     

Characterization of haloacetic acid precursors in source water

Raw water from the Bangkok (Thailand) main municipal water supply canal was examined for its natural organic composition by fractionation with adsorption resins. DAX-8 resin was the first resin employed to fractionate the hydrophobic fractions. Fractionation at neutral pH resulted in the separation of the hydrophobic neutral components; at a high pH level (approx. 10) separation of the hydrophobic base components occurred; and at a low pH level (approx. 2) the hydrophobic acid components were separated. AG-MP-50 cationic resin was then used to separate the hydrophilic base components, and WA-10, a weak anionic resin, was applied finally to fractionate the hydrophilic acid and neutral components. Subsequently, each fraction was tested for its chlorine disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potential. The HAA formation tests demonstrated that the various organic fractions had different reactivity levels for the formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs). For this source water, the hydrophilic neutral fraction dominated over the other five fractions in being the main organic component and the most significant precursor of HAAs formation. On the other hand, in terms of specific HAA formation potential (FP), the hydrophobic and hydrophilic base fractions were the most reactive precursors to the formation of HAAs. In all cases, the quantity of HAAs formed depended linearly upon the amount of organic constituents in the water sample.     

The effects of pH, bromide and nitrite on halonitromethane and trihalomethane formation from amino acids and amino sugars

In this study, the effects of pH, bromide and nitrite on the formation of halonitromethanes (HNMs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) from eight amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine and histidine) and four amino sugars (glucosamine, galactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid) were examined for chlorination and ozonation followed by chlorination. During ozonation-chlorination, two amino acids, glycine and lysine, exhibited distinctly higher HNM formation than the other compounds. The formation of HNMs was higher at pH 8 than 6. Glycine and lysine also produced higher levels of THMs than the other compounds at pH 8. The presence of nitrite resulted in an increase in HNM formation. The presence of bromide increased the HNM formation, especially brominated HNM species. Bromine incorporation factors of trihalogenated HNMs were higher than those of THMs. For chlorination alone, HNM levels were about the detection limit (4 nM or 0.7 μg L⁻¹) at pH 6 and 8, and in the presence of bromide or nitrite. Amino acids and amino sugars tested, except glycine and lysine, showed relatively low levels of THM (∼15 μg L⁻¹) formation.     

江宁孔山、茨山高骊山组中遗迹化石组合的生态分析

江宁孔山、茨山高骊山组是一个典型的三角洲层序,可分为三个亚相及若干微相,高骊山组下部的前三角洲亚相中发现Chondrites-Planolites-Palaeophycus组合,中部远岸砂坝微相发现Palaeophycus-?Protopaleodictyon组合;河口砂坝微相见Palaeophycus-trail Phycodes?组合,上部的废异河道微相含有Rhizocorallium jenense-Gyrolithes-Palaeophycus组合。这些组合有着明确的指相意义,遗迹属种、生态类型及组合在剖面上的分布与环境条件有着密切的关系。     

Characteristics and formation mechanism of regional haze episodes in the Pearl River Delta of China

To investigate the characteristics and the specific mechanism of continuous haze,comprehensive measurements were conducted from 15 October to 19 November in the Atmospheric Environment Monitoring Super-Station in Heshan of Guangdong province.Five haze episodes occurred in October and November 2014 in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region. The meteorological parameters, gas data, chemical compositions, and optical parameters of the aerosols were obtained. Among these events, the second haze episode,with the highest concentration of PM2.5 of 187.51 μg/m~3, was the most severe. NO~3-was always higher than SO_4~(2-), which indicated that motor vehicles played an important role in the haze, even though the oxidation rate from SO_2 to SO_4~(2-)was faster than that of NOXto NO_3~-. The difference between the hourly averages of Na+and K+during the haze episode and clean days was small, implying that straw combustion and sea salt had no significant effect on the occurrence of haze, and the backward trajectories of the air masses also conformed with this result. The air pollutants were difficult to disperse because of the significant decrease in the planetary boundary layer(PBL) height. Relative humidity played a crucial role in the formation of haze by leading to hygroscopic growth of the diameter of aerosols.     

One representative water supply system in China with nitrosamine concern: Challenges and treatment strategies

Four sampling campaigns were conducted in two years to understand the fluctuation of N-Nitrosamines (NAs) and their precursors in one drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in East China in different seasons. This water supply system has been facing several nitrosamine challenges related with source water, including the switch of water source, high concentration of ammonium, formed NAs and NA formation potential (FP) in source water. Besides, the use of ozonation in the DWTP and chloramination in networks will increase the NDMA concentration in tap water. To address these challenges, the bio-pretreatment was applied in this DWTP to decrease the concentration of ammonium and NAs. The following biological activated carbon (BAC) will neutralize the nitrosamine increase brought by ozonation. The use of free chlorine in disinfection process will also decrease the NDMA formation compared with chloramination. The results will benefit other cities in China and other countries with similar impacted water sources.     

企业物流外包风险形成机理及防范研究

随着经济全球化的到来 ,越来越多的企业倾向于物流外包 ,以此增强企业竞争力。外包给企业带来经济效益的同时 ,也带来了诸多风险。笔者主要从物流外包管理与运行机制等方面 ,对企业物流外包中面临的管理风险、信息风险、财务风险、市场风险等诸多风险进行了深入的分析 ,并提出了重视物流管理人才、建立信息共享机制、确定物流外包的绩效评价指标、建立有效的利益 /风险分担机制、加强客户关系管理等一系列防范风险的相关措施 ,为物流外包企业决策提供理论依据。