环境监测实验室认可中应关注的若干问题

对《检测和校准实验室能力认可准则》（简称《准则》）实施中关于有效性评价实施不到位、关注实验室法律文本的法律性、把握不符合项的实施准确性、实验室CNAS能力验证、测量不确定度政策落实不到位等问题进行了探讨。指出，应从环境监测实验室管理实际出发，深刻理解《准则》的管理要求和作用，以《准则》规范实验室行为，不断改进和完善实验室管理体系建设，确保管理体系持续有效运行。     

Large-scale modeling of reactive solute transport in fracture zones of granitic bedrocks

Final disposal of high-level radioactive waste in deep repositories located in fractured granite formations is being considered by several countries. The assessment of the safety of such repositories requires using numerical models of groundwater flow, solute transport and chemical processes. These models are being developed from data and knowledge gained from in situ experiments such as the Redox Zone Experiment carried out at the underground laboratory of Äspö in Sweden. This experiment aimed at evaluating the effects of the construction of the access tunnel on the hydrogeological and hydrochemical conditions of a fracture zone intersected by the tunnel. Most chemical species showed dilution trends except for bicarbonate and sulphate which unexpectedly increased with time. Molinero and Samper [Molinero, J. and Samper, J. Groundwater flow and solute transport in fracture zones: an improved model for a large-scale field experiment at Äspö (Sweden). J. Hydraul. Res., 42, Extra Issue, 157–172] presented a two-dimensional water flow and solute transport finite element model which reproduced measured drawdowns and dilution curves of conservative species. Here we extend their model by using a reactive transport which accounts for aqueous complexation, acid–base, redox processes, dissolution–precipitation of calcite, quartz, hematite and pyrite, and cation exchange between Na⁺ and Ca²⁺. The model provides field-scale estimates of cation exchange capacity of the fracture zone and redox potential of groundwater recharge. It serves also to identify the mineral phases controlling the solubility of iron. In addition, the model is useful to test the relevance of several geochemical processes. Model results rule out calcite dissolution as the process causing the increase in bicarbonate concentration and reject the following possible sources of sulphate: (1) pyrite dissolution, (2) leaching of alkaline sulphate-rich waters from a nearby rock landfill and (3) dissolution of iron monosulphides contained in Baltic seafloor sediments. Based on these results, microbially mediated processes are postulated as the most likely hypothesis to explain the measured increase of dissolved bicarbonates and sulphates after tunnel construction.     

Development and application of a laboratory flux measurement system (LFMS) for the investigation of the kinetics of mercury emissions from soils

Recent measurements at different locations suggest that the emission of mercury from soils may play a more pronounced role in the global mercury cycle as suggested by global emission inventories and global mercury cycling models. For up scaling and modelling of mercury emissions from soils a comprehensive assessment of the processes controlling the emission of mercury from soils is imperative. We have developed a laboratory flux measurement system (LFMS) to study the effect of major environmental variables on the emission of mercury under controlled conditions. We have investigated the effects of turbulent mixing, soil temperature and solar radiation on the emission of mercury from soils. The emission of mercury from soils is constant over time under constant experimental conditions. The response of the mercury emission flux to variations of the atmospheric transfer parameters such as turbulence requires a rapid adjustment of the equilibrium that controls the Hg(o) concentration in the soil air. It has been shown that the light-induced flux is independent of the soil temperature and shows a strong spectral response to UV-B.     

Optimization of Fenton's oxidation of chemical laboratory wastewaters using the response surface methodology

Establishing a treatment process for practical and economic disposal of laboratory wastewaters has become an urgent environmental concern of the Department of Chemical Engineering of the Universidade Estadual de Maringá (State University of Maringá), Brazil. Fenton and related reactions are potentially useful oxidation processes for destroying toxic organic compounds in water. In these reactions, hydrogen peroxide is combined with ferrous or ferric iron in the presence or absence of light to generate hydroxyl radicals (.OH). The feasibility of Fenton's reagent to treat waste chemicals from an academic research laboratory was investigated in this study. A response surface methodology was applied to optimize the Fenton oxidation process conditions using chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal as the target parameter to optimize, and the reagent concentrations, as related to the initial concentration of organic matter in the effluent, and pH as the control factors to be optimized. Maximal COD removal (92.3%) was achieved when wastewater samples were treated at pH 4 in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and iron in the ratios [COD]:[H2O2]=1:9 and [H2O2]:[Fe2+]=4.5:1. Under these conditions, it was possible to obtain simultaneously maximal COD removal and minimal chemical sludge after treatment, which is a residue that needs further processing.     

实验室认可中电热恒温鼓风干燥箱的期间核查

本文以DHG-9140A电热恒温鼓风干燥箱为说明对象,按照《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》的相关规定,介绍了实验室认可中电热恒温鼓风干燥箱的期间核查操作规程及结果,为实验室认可中期间核查的开展提供了一定的依据。     

论如何加强环境监测实验室的科学化管理

随着经济水平和人民生活水平的不断提升,环境保护意识也逐渐提升。作为环境保护工作的重要一部分,环境监测工作的提升对于环境保护工作的推进有着极为重要的作用。但是,当前我国的环境监测方面的工作存在很多问题,影响着环境保护工作的推进。本文针对环境监测中监测实验室的管理优化进行分析,探讨提升环境监测水平的方式。     

Tying enforcement to prices in emissions markets: An experimental evaluation

We present results from laboratory emissions permit markets designed to investigate the transmission of abatement cost risk to firms' compliance behavior and regulatory enforcement strategies. With a fixed expected marginal penalty, abatement cost shocks produced significant violations and emissions volatility as predicted. Tying the monitoring probability to average permit prices effectively eliminated noncompliance, but transmitted abatement cost risk to monitoring effort. Tying the penalty to average prices reduced violations, but did not eliminate them. Some individuals in these treatments sold permits at low prices, presumably in an attempt to weaken enforcement. While tying sanctions directly to prevailing permit prices has theoretical and practical advantages over tying monitoring to prices, our results suggest that tying sanctions to prices may not be as effective as predicted without additional modifications.     

Mechanical properties of Municipal Solid Waste by SDMT

In the paper the results of a geotechnical investigation carried on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) materials retrieved from the “Cozzo Vuturo” landfill in the Enna area (Sicily, Italy) are reported and analyzed. Mechanical properties were determined both by in situ and laboratory large-scale one dimensional compression tests.While among in situ tests, Dilatomer Marchetti Tests (DMT) is used widely in measuring soil properties, the adoption of the DMT for the measurements of MSW properties has not often been documented in literature. To validate its applicability for the estimation of MSW properties, a comparison between the seismic dilatometer (SDMT) results and the waste properties evaluated by laboratory tests was carried out.Parameters for “fresh” and “degraded waste” have been evaluated. These preliminary results seems to be promising as concerns the assessment of the friction angle of waste and the evaluation of the S-wave in terms of shear wave velocity. Further studies are certainly required to obtain more representative values of the elastic parameters according to the SDMT measurements.     

学科建制化视角下的中国消防工程学科

消防工程学科在中国基本上已完成了自身的建制化过程。笔者以中国消防工程学科建制化为切入点 ,分析了中国消防学科建制化的过程及其驱动模式 ;同时基于学术期刊在科学事业中地位和历史作用的分析 ,探讨了学术杂志与消防工程学科的关系 ,认为创建权威的学科杂志、进行研究生教育是使消防工程学科建制更加完善的必要条件之一 ;指出中国现有的消防学科的设置已不适应该学科在中国发展的现状 ,需要调整学科设置 ;认为消防学科正面临着自身再建制化的机遇。笔者强调 ,我国火灾科学国家重点实验室的建立与中国火灾科学的兴起 ,不仅标志着消防工程学科知识体系的形成 ,而且使发端于权力系统的消防工程学科建制化过程具备了学术权威学科建制化或再建制化的结构。     

源分类生物有机垃圾及其各组分甲烷潜能实验研究

研究了一种实验室范围内源分类生物有机垃圾制取甲烷潜能的方法.37℃条件下,添加20 g新鲜物料和300 mL来自于沈阳市污水处理厂接种体.于3个平行反应器中进行为期50 d的厌氧消化实验,通过气相色谱定期检测甲烷气体的浓度.在37℃条件下,BMW及其各组分厌氧消化产气速率为:淀粉>BMW>蛋白质>食用油>脂肪>纸,BMW、淀粉、蛋白质、食用油、脂肪和纸最终甲烷化潜能(CH4/VS)分别为:218.15、209.11、194.20、238.86、257.82和131.41 mL/g,其厌氧生物降解率分别为:67.73%、72.88%、65.84%、78.38%、74.11%和47.98%.