Heavy-metal fractionation and distribution in soil profiles short-term-irrigated with sewage wastewater

Six soil profiles irrigated and non-irrigated with sewage wastewater were investigated for soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), and CaCO₃. The distributions and chemical fractions of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, and their lability were also studied. The results indicated that pH, EC, OM, and CaCO₃, as well as metal fractionation in soil profiles were affected by wastewater irrigation, especially in the surface layer. The surface layer (0-15 cm) irrigated with wastewater exhibited a 0.6 unit decrease in soil pH, a 40.6% decrease in CaCO₃, and a 200% increase in EC as compared with that of the non-irrigated soil. The soil OM increased from 0.04% to 0.35% in the surface layer. The irrigation of soil with wastewater resulted in transformation of metals from the carbonate fraction (CARB) towards the exchangeable (EXCH), Fe-Mn oxide (ERO), and organic (OM) fraction for Zn, towards the EXCH, the OM, and residual fraction for Cu, and towards the exchangeable (EXCH) fraction for Cd. It was concluded that the use of sewage wastewater led to salt accumulation and an increase in the readily labile fraction of Zn, Cu, and Cd in the surface layer. Therefore, this reason may limit the use of wastewater under arid and semi-arid conditions.     

Cu在扇贝组织中的蓄积及其对酶活性的影响

采用暴露实验方法，研究了不同浓度的Cu（Cu^2＋）对栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）鳃、肌肉、内脏团组织中Cu蓄积量及过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响．结果表明：随水体中Cu浓度的升高，扇贝各组织中Cu蓄积量明显上升，Cu蓄积量顺序为：内脏〉鳃〉肌肉．Cu浓度对栉孔扇贝各组织中过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均有明显影响，各组织中酶活性均随Cu浓度升高表现为抑制-诱导-抑制的规律．这表明，栉孔扇贝各组织中CAT酶对水体中Cu污染反映敏感，存在计量-效应关系，对海洋Cu早期污染具有指示作用．图2表1参19     

杭州市城市和郊区表土磷库及环境风险评价

杭州市城市和郊区土壤磷素具有明显的积累特征并有较高的潜在释放能力。可提取态P(包括H2O-P、NaHCO3-P.NaOH-P和HCl-P)平均在80％左右，其中以HCl—P的比例最高，平均约55％。32个研究土样中，26个土样的水可溶性(H20—P)在10mg／kg以上，15个土样的NaHCO3—P在100mg/kg以上。酸性条件下P的释放潜力明显增加。土壤水溶性P含量及在酸性条件下P的释放量与土壤总P呈正相关，与土壤pH负相关。     

蚯蚓对垃圾与底泥中镉的富集现象

通过蚯蚓处理垃圾及纳污河流底泥实验研究发现蚯蚓可选择吸收并富集垃圾及底泥中的镉，但对其他重金属元素铅、铜、锌等并无此种富集吸收现象。     

单甲脒在水生生物中的积累和释放

本文朱生环境中对单甲脒在鱼和藻类中的积累释放及鱼体中的ＢＣＦ值进行了研究，结果表明，鱼体在３，５，６ｄ的ＢＣＦ值分别为３．５３，４．７３及５．２９，鱼体中单米积累为内脏〉锶〉肌肉，饲养７ｄ达积累最高量；藻类在６ｈ后达积累最高量；单甲脒在水藻和鱼（内脏）的富集比分别为１：３及１：１２。     

单一重金属污染对灯心草生长及重金属积累特性的影响

盆栽试验结果表明:在设置的低浓度范围内,Cd、Pb、Cu能够刺激灯心草的生长。而As(地上部除外)、Zn在整个浓度设置范围内对灯心草的生长都表现出抑制作用,且各重金属对灯心草地下部生物量影响不显著。各重金属对灯心草生长抑制程度为:Zn>As>Cu>Pb>Cd。以灯心草生物量减产10%为依据,将土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu3种重金属临界值分别设定为10、100、100~200 mg.kg-1。灯心草不适合在Zn污染的土壤中种植,土壤中As临界值尚需作进一步的研究来确定。除Cd外,其余4种重金属主要累积于灯心草根部。回归分析表明,Cd、Pb在灯心草地上和地下部以及As在灯心草地下部的积累量与土壤中各重金属添加量之间存在显著线性关系(P<0.05)。     

几个菜心品种硝酸盐累积差异的研究

通过对7个菜心品种在2种氮源形态下进行水培试验,以及对植株和吸收液的分析测试,探讨菜心品种间的硝酸盐累积、氮素营养特性及养分吸收的差异,为制定硝酸盐调控措施和选育低硝酸盐菜心品种提供依据。     

九龙江口桐花树红树林对重金属的吸收与累积

探讨了福建九龙江口桐花树红树林对ＣＵ、Ｐｈ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ元素的吸收、累积及分布．结果表明：该林地土壤５种元素的储量关系为Ｍｎ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｐｈ＞ＣＵ≥Ｃｄ；植物体不同部位，各元素含量有着明显的差异，含量范围分别为Ｃｈ１．５１～５．７０、Ｐｂ１．３０～１０．７０、Ｚｎ１８．０～１００．１、Ｃｄ０．０４～０．２３和Ｍｎ１５．５～２３７．５（ｗ／１０－６）；植物对土壤元素的富集系数大小依次为Ｃｄ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｐｈ；群落现存生物量中，ＣＵ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ元素的现存累积量分别为１６．５６、６３．３０、４４５．０５、１．１４和１６５６．９３（ρＡ／ｍｇ·ｍ－２）．其中，地下部分别占７０．２％、８１．８％、７６．２％、７２．２％和８２．１％；林地残留物相应元素的储量分别为２１１．１１、１８４．００、１９４１．６９、６．１９和２２２４８．３１（ρＡ／μｇ·ｍ－２）．     

煤矸石复垦中的氮素积累途径

进行了煤矸石上种植接菌种草及加覆盖物种植牧草的盆栽和小区试验。结果表明，接菌种植可以显著提高植物的固氮酶活性和结瘤率，改善煤矸石的氮素贫瘠状况，促进牧草根系和地上部分的生长和煤矸石的进一步风化；这些结果在施氮量中等区w(N)=15g/100kg更为明显。同时在煤矸石上加薄层覆盖物种植豆科植物，对其氮素的积累提高和生物性状的同样具有明显的促进作用，并以黄土覆盖效果更佳。这些结果为解决煤矸石复垦中氮素缺乏的问题提供了有效途径。表3参4     

Effects of nano-silicon and common silicon on lead uptake and translocation in two rice cultivars

The current study investigated the effects of nano-silicon (Si) and common Si on lead (Pb) toxicity, uptake, translocation, and accumulation in the rice cultivars Yangdao 6 and Yu 44 grown in soil containing two different Pb levels (500 mg·kg⁻¹ and 1000 mg·kg⁻¹). The results showed that Si application alleviated the toxic effects of Pb on rice growth. Under soil Pb treatments of 500 and 1000 mg·kg⁻¹, the biomasses of plants supplied with common Si and nano-Si were 1.8%–5.2% and 3.3%–11.8% higher, respectively, than those of plants with no Si supply (control). Compared to the control, Pb concentrations in rice shoots supplied with common Si and nano-Si were reduced by 14.3%–31.4% and 27.6%–54.0%, respectively. Pb concentrations in rice grains treated with common Si and nano-Si decreased by 21.3%–40.9% and 38.6%–64.8%, respectively. Pb translocation factors (TFs) from roots to shoots decreased by 15.0%–29.3% and 25.6%–50.8%, respectively. The TFs from shoots to grains reduced by 8.3%–13.7% and 15.3%–21.1%, respectively, after Si application. The magnitudes of the effects observed on plants decreased in the following order: nano-Si treatment>common Si treatment and high-grain-Pb-accumulating cultivar (Yangdao 6)>low-grain-Pb-accumulating cultivar (Yu 44) and heavy Pb stress (1000 mg·kg⁻¹)>moderate Pb stress (500 mg·kg⁻¹)>no Pb treatment. The results of the study indicate that nano-Si is more efficient than common Si in ameliorating the toxic effects of Pb on rice growth, preventing Pb transfer from rice roots to aboveground parts, and blocking Pb accumulation in rice grains, especially in high-Pb-accumulating rice cultivars and in heavily Pb-polluted soils.