喀斯特石漠化山区苔藓多样性及水土保持研究

喀斯特石漠化已成为制约我国西南地区可持续发展的重要生态环境问题. 以云南芝云洞山区苔藓植物为研究对象,于2012年1月进行调查和样地设置,共采集样品75份,采用经典形态分类法进行鉴定,分析苔藓多样性及其对水土保持的贡献. 结果表明:苔藓植物有11科25属53种;苔藓植物种数为无石漠化区(34)＞轻度石漠化区(14)＞中度石漠化区(12)＞强度石漠化区(7),丰富度指数也为无石漠化区(2.8748)＞轻度石漠化区(0.1941)＞中度石漠化区(-1.1767)＞强度石漠化区(-1.8923). 石漠化区苔藓植物相似性指数相差较小,其中强度石漠化区与中度石漠化区的相似性指数为0.3750,强度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3077,中度石漠化区与轻度石漠化区为0.3846;而石漠化区与无石漠化区相似性指数相差较大,其中无石漠化区与强度和轻度石漠化区的相似性指数分别为0.0714和0.0952. 强度、中度和轻度石漠化区与无石漠化区均匀度指数分别为0.5900、0.5133、0.4899和0.6107. 6种优势苔藓植物(长叶纽藓、卷叶湿地藓、东亚小石藓、黑扭口藓、卵叶青藓和狭叶湿地藓)的生物量、成土量和饱和吸水量分别在0.962~9.546、1.294~40.181、8.890~82.571g/m2之间,表明可以将苔藓植物作为该类地区的先锋植物.      

Ecological issues and risk assessment in China

As a result of economic development and population explosion, global ecological environments have been severely disturbed and markedly changed. An ecological crisis involving desertification, soil erosion, degradation of land quality, loss of biodiversity and global climate change has been brought about all over the world. In order to manage ecosystems efficiently, it is necessary to assess ecological risk at multiple scales. Ecological risk is the probability that a region and/or site will experience defined ecological or environmental problems. In this paper, the ecological risks of soil erosion, desertification, and acid deposition have been assessed on a national scale according to natural and human factors, such as topography, soil, vegetation and climate. This assessment has provided very useful information for ecological environmental management in China.     

Desertification in the Sudan: causes,effects and policy options

Desertification is the spread of desert-like conditions in arid and semi-arid conditions. It is a result of pressure from both climatic and human factors. Desertification in the Sudan has been accelerating at a faster rate over the last two decades, leading to marginalization and the loss of arable land. The main factors contributing to desertification include drought, population growth, the spread of extensive agriculture, deforestation, rapid urbanization, the erosion of local political power, the lack of economic institutions and the absence of social institutions which have tended to reduce the capacity of the local people to cope with the resource degradation problem. Initiatives to arrest the desert encroachment must include improved cultivation methods, proper grazing management, reforestation and integration of livestock and crop production systems, coupled with good linkages to light processing industries.

This paper identifies the causal factors of desert encroachment, assesses its impact on the environment and humanity and concludes by recommending specific strategies to control the desert encroachment problem.     

Characterization of soil low-molecular-weight organic acids in the Karst rocky desertification region of Guizhou Province, China

Soil low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic acids play important roles in the soil-forming process and the cycling of nutrients in Karst regions. In this study, we quantified the contents of LMW organic acids (including lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate) in soil solution over the Karst region of Guizhou Province, China using ion chromatography. The concentration of total LMW organic acids in topsoil solution ranged from 0.358 to 1.823 μmol·g^-1, with an average of 0.912 μmol·g^-1. The mean concentrations of lactate, acetate, formate, malate, and oxalate were 0.212±0.089, 0.302±0.228, 0.301±0.214, 0.014±0.018 and 0.086±0.118 μmol·g^-1, respectively. There were also significant difference in the contents of these acids among four phases of rocky desertification, and their concentrations decreased with the aggravation of rocky desertification. The concentrations of the LMW organic acids were significantly positive correlated each other. Significant positive correlations were also observed among individual LMW organic acids in soil solution, and between them and soil available P, available K, exchangeable Ca, respectively. Furthermore, the concentrations of LMW organic acids were significantly positively correlated with inorganic anions (chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates) in Karst topsoil solution. Therefore, the concentrations of soil LMW organic acids might be one of driving force in the Karst rock desertification process in Guizhou Province.     

旱灾对石漠化影响评估及灾后石漠化防治分区

以西南五省区(四川、重庆、云南、贵州、广西)为研究对象,将岩性、坡度、降水、土地利用、土壤类型、植被覆盖度、与居民点距离、人口密度作为评价指标,研究了石漠化敏感性及西南旱灾导致的变化,并以贵州省兴义市为示范,制定了旱灾后石漠化防治分区. 结果表明:干旱可提高石漠化敏感性,受旱灾程度越深,石漠化敏感性增强越明显. 旱灾导致西南五省区石漠化极重度敏感区和重度敏感区面积分别增加了777和16 484 km2. 贵州省兴义市石漠化敏感性显著变化面积最大,达到石漠化总面积的54%,灾后治理区、监督区、预防区的面积分别为110.9、221.8和509.1 km2,其中需对33.7 km2的石漠化区域进行优先治理.      

我国喀斯特石漠化研究现状及未来趋势

喀斯特石漠化已成为人类面临的重大自然灾害,威胁着人类的生存,目前石漠化的扩展趋势并没有得到有效控制。文章较为详细地介绍了我国在喀斯特石漠化灾害基础理论研究以及实践应用上的一些问题,包括石漠化的成因、类型划分、预报与预警、以及综合治理方面的进展,阐述了未来可能的发展趋势。石漠化的综合治理工作不仅需要理论的支持,更存在实践中的困难,需要进行多学科的综合性研究,开展跨部门的联合防范与治理。加强石漠化灾害的理论研究,并有效应用于实际,是未来应继续努力的方向。     

基于决策树的辽宁省北部沙漠化信息提取研究

以沙漠化问题较突出的辽宁省北部地区为例,选取2007年Landsat 5 TM遥感影像作为基本数据源,通过对影像中耕地、林地、草地、水域等常见地物及典型沙漠化土地进行光谱特征分析和波段间的相互运算,将修改型土壤调整植被指数（MSAVI）、归一化差异水体指数（NDWI）和遥感图像缨帽变换后的土壤亮度指数（SBI）、绿度植被指数（GVI）及湿度指数（WVI）等特征变量融入决策树分类模型后进行分层分离,从而实现对沙漠化信息的高精度提取。结果显示,决策树分类法可排除提取地物时的干扰信息,是保证沙漠化土地信息快速自动提取的方法之一。     

共和盆地沙质荒漠化过程植被群落特征变化

青海共和盆地是我国西部荒漠化比较严重地区之一。荒漠化不仅表现为植被结构和功能的退化,也伴随着土壤性质的退化。作者对共和盆地典型荒漠化区域设置样带进行植被、土壤调查,利用TWINSPAN对研究区植被进行数量分类,在此基础上确定荒漠化发展阶段类型及所包含的植被群落类型,分析了不同荒漠化发展阶段的植被群落组成、盖度、生物量及土壤质地、有机质和全氮含量。结果表明：研究区荒漠化梯度划分为未退化草地、轻度退化草地、轻度沙化草地、中度退化草地、中度沙化草地。随着荒漠化的发展,群落组成从简单趋于复杂再到简单;群落盖度逐渐减小,其中未退化草地样方的平均盖度达到48．40％4±3．25％,而中度沙化草地的平均盖度仅为15．34％±2．78％;轻度干扰下样方群落生物量先增加,随着干扰加剧,生物量逐渐减小,轻度退化草地地上、地下及总生物量均最高,中度沙化草地的均最低;土壤0-20cm,20-40cm层有机质和全氮含量逐渐减小,粒度组成也发生明显变化。沙化对土壤有机质、全氮含量及粒度组成的影响显著。     

晋西北地区土地沙漠化时空格局及其驱动因素

利用晋西北地区1975,1991,2000,2015,2019年遥感影像,采用转移矩阵模型、重心迁移模型和主成分分析法,研究晋西北地区土地沙漠化的时空变化及其驱动机制.结果表明：土地沙漠化面积在时间上呈现先增加、后减少的动态趋势,其中1975~1991年沙漠化土地面积增加1495.10km²,非沙漠化土地转移为轻度沙漠化土地面积最大（1506.12km²）;1991~2000年沙漠化土地面积增加689.09km²,轻度沙漠化土地转移为中度沙漠化土地面积最大（11098.72km²）;2000~2015年沙漠化土地面积减少2365.85km²,中度沙漠化土地转移为轻度沙漠化土地面积最大（10569.56km²）;2015~2019年沙漠化土地面积减少1931.39km²,轻度沙漠化土地转移为非沙漠化土地面积最大（1909.93km²）.空间上呈现先偏南、后偏西北的迁移趋势,其中1975~1991年、1991~2000年沙漠化土地重心总体上偏南方向迁移,重度沙漠化土地重心迁移距离最大,分别为19.26,20.06km;2000~2019年沙漠化土地重心向西北迁移,轻度沙漠化土地重心迁移距离最大,为30.29km.1975~2019年晋西北地区土地沙漠化动态变化是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,人口数量和牲畜数量是影响沙漠化土地变化的主要人为因素,大风日数是影响沙漠化土地变化的主要自然因素.     

树立新疆资源开发中的生态经济观念

经济系统是社会发展的基础,生态系统是人类生存的根本,二者既对立又统一,处理好其中的复杂关系,是人类求生存求发展的先决条件。对于新疆这一沙漠化省区,尤为如此。