富含甲烷的可再生资源重整制氢的研究进展

将富含甲烷气体的可再生资源用于重整制氢不仅可以节省天然气等不可再生资源,同时可以减少CH4、CO2等温室气体的排放,因此具有节约能源和保护环境两方面的重大意义。文章分析了可再生资源的富含甲烷气体的种类及其特性,以及该种可再生资源作为重整制氢原材料的优势和可能转化途径,并综述了国内外在这一领域近几年的研究工作,最后对富含甲烷气体的可再生资源作为制氢原料的前景进行了展望。     

Ⅰ Ⅱ-ASBR中厌氧颗粒污泥的微生物组成及特性

在35℃下以奶粉人工合成废水为底物连续运行了两段厌氧反应器(ⅠⅡ-ASBR),且于ⅠⅡ两柱中形成了两种不同的厌氧颗粒污泥,为了解厌氧颗粒污泥的微生态结构及生物学特性,对ⅠⅡ两柱中厌氧颗粒污泥的形态及微生物组成进行扫描电镜观察,并测定了其不同基质中的比产甲烷活性、辅酶F420和胞外多聚物的含量。结果表明:ⅠⅡ-ASBR反应器ⅠⅡ两柱中厌氧颗粒污泥形态及微生物组成差异明显,Ⅰ柱的厌氧颗粒污泥大而密实,Ⅱ柱的较小,呈多孔的网状结构,Ⅰ柱中厌氧颗粒污泥以甲烷八叠球菌、球菌及短杆菌为主,丝状菌较少,Ⅱ柱则以丝状菌、短杆菌为主,球菌较少;Ⅰ柱颗粒污泥利用葡萄糖、甲酸、丙酸的产甲烷活性较高,利用乙酸的活性相对较低,Ⅱ柱颗粒污泥利用葡萄糖、乙酸的产甲烷活性较高,而利用甲酸、丙酸的产甲烷活性较低;辅酶F420的含量Ⅱ柱比Ⅰ柱明显要高,而胞外多聚物含量Ⅰ柱比Ⅱ柱的高。     

双季稻田CH4和N2 O排放特征及品种筛选研究

通过大田小区实验,采用静止箱-气相色谱法对早晚两季水稻品种CH4与N2O排放通量进行了观测.结果表明,早稻CH4排放季节变化呈单峰模式,N2O排放呈双峰模式;晚稻CH4与N2O排放季节变化均呈单峰模式.CH4、N2O季节平均排放通量品种间均存在显著差异(P<0.05).早稻品种CH4、N2O季节平均排放通量极差分别为0.58 mg.(m2.h)-1、5.89μg.(m2.h)-1,晚稻为4.06 mg.(m2.h)-1、5.70μg.(m2.h)-1;早稻品种温室气体排放的增温潜势、单位产量增温潜势极差分别为2.92 kg.hm-2、0.097 kg.kg-1,晚稻分别为2 256 kg.hm-2、0.28 kg.kg-1.增温潜势、单位产量增温潜势比较,常规稻>超级杂交稻>杂交稻.早稻无水稻种植区CH4、N2O季节排放通量分别是水稻种植区的27.1%～31.8%、33.6%～88.3%;晚稻分别是23.8%～28.8%、38.6%～45.3%.早稻适宜种植品种为陆两优819、金优402、湘早籼24号,晚稻品种为岳优9113、湘晚籼12号.     

Diversity of methanotrophs in a simulated modified biocover reactor

A simulated landfill biocover microcosm consisting of a modifying ceramsite material and compost were investigated. Results show that the mixture can improve the material porosity and achieve a stable and highly efficient (100%) methane oxidation over an extended operating period. The diversity of the methanotrophic community in the microcosm was assessed. Type I methanotrophs were enhanced in the microcosm due to the increased air diffusion and distribution, whereas the microbial diversity and population density of type II methanotrophs were not significantly affected. Moreover, the type I methanotrophic community structure significantly varied with the reactor height, whereas that of type II methanotrophic communities did not exhibit a spatial variation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that type I methanotroph-based nested polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) resulted in the detection of eight different populations, most of which are related to Methylobacter sp., whereas that of type II resulted in the detection of nine different populations, most of which are related to Methylocystaceae. Methanotrophic community analysis also indicated that a number of new methanotrophic genera not closely related to any known methanotrophic populations were present.     

Ammonium-dependent regulation of aerobic methane-consuming bacteria in landfill cover soil by leachate irrigation

The impacts of landfill leachate irrigation on methane oxidation activities and methane-consuming bacteria populations were studied by incubation of landfill cover soils with leachate and (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution at different ammonium concentrations. The community structures and abundances of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were examined by PCRDGGE and real-time PCR. Compared with the pure (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution, leachate addition was found to have a positive effect on methane oxidation activity. In terms of the irrigation amount, ammonium in leachate was responsible for the actual inhibition of leachate. The extent of inhibitory effect mainly depended on its ammonium concentration. The suppression of the predominant methaneconsuming bacteria, type I MOB, was responsible for the decreased methane oxidation activity by ammonium inhibition. Methaneconsuming bacteria responded diversely in abundance to ammonium. The abundance of type I MOB decreased by fivefold; type II MOB showed stimulation response of fivefold magnification upon the first addition but lessened to be lower than the original level after the second addition; the amount of AOB was stimulated to increase for 20-30 times gradually. Accumulated nitrate from nitrification strengthened the ammonium inhibition on type I and type II MOB, as a result, repetitive irrigation was unfavorable for methane oxidation.     

不同堆沤处理对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的影响

研究利用纤维素分解菌F2对玉米秸秆进行堆沤预处理,将经不同堆沤预处理时间后的秸秆与猪粪混合进行厌氧发酵产沼气试验。结果发现,堆沤15 d后秸秆的总有机碳含量降低了10.06%,VS去除率和纤维素降解率比未加菌堆沤预处理分别提高了10.74%、10.60%;加菌堆沤预处理后的秸秆厌氧发酵甲烷产气率、干物质产气率、发酵前后VS去除率均高于未加菌堆沤预处理后的秸秆,且产气效率也有明显的提高;加菌堆沤预处理10 d的秸秆比未加菌堆沤预处理15 d的秸秆提前了2 d达到产气高峰,累计产气量达到21 957 mL,比未加菌堆沤预处理15 d的秸秆增加了1 629 mL。实验结果表明:该纤维素分解菌对玉米秸秆纤维素有较强的降解能力,并在一定程度上促进了有机碳的矿化;有效地提高了秸秆的生物降解性能,缩短了预处理所需时间;同时提高了玉米秸秆的利用率和产气潜力。     

硝酸盐对矿化垃圾中兼/厌氧甲烷氧化的影响

设计全因子实验研究了NO-3-N对填埋10~12 a的矿化垃圾中兼/厌氧甲烷氧化作用的影响.结果表明,兼/厌氧条件下,NO-3-N能促进矿化垃圾中CH4的去除.初始CH4和NO-3-N对CH4去除和N2产生有明显影响,且两者具有交互作用(P<0.05).CH4去除量随着初始CH4体积分数的增加而增加,添加一定含量的NO-3-N能促进CH4去除,同时通入一定体积分数CH4可以明显促进反硝化作用,说明矿化垃圾中NO-3-N还原能与兼/厌氧甲烷氧化耦合.本实验条件下,初始CH4体积分数为30%,NO-3-N含量为110 mg·kg-1时耦合效应较好.     

新疆矿区煤矿瓦斯排放现状与趋势分析

为获得新疆矿区当前生产规模对应的瓦斯排放基量,调查了研究矿区生产矿井的瓦斯排放现状.根据各矿区2004-2006年生产矿井的开采煤层、生产水平、生产规模和瓦斯排放等参数,对不同矿区和煤田进行了统计分析,计算了新疆矿区当前生产规模对应的瓦斯排放总量,同时对重点瓦斯防治矿区和一般瓦斯防治矿区进行了分类.调查结果表明,新疆矿区煤矿平均吨煤相对瓦斯涌出量由2004年的2.82m3/t增加到2006年的3.09 m3/t,呈逐年递增趋势; 新疆矿区2004-2006年的年平均瓦斯(CH4)排放量为1.05×108 m3/a;准南煤田(I)和塔北煤田(VI)的平均绝对瓦斯涌出量分别占全疆绝对瓦斯涌出总量的64.82%和15.19%,为相对瓦斯富集区,也是当前瓦斯防治的重点区域.按照矿区3年平均绝对瓦斯涌出量(大于1.00m3/min)或平均相对瓦斯涌出量(大于5m3/t)将新疆矿区分为重点瓦斯防治矿区和一般瓦斯防治矿区,并提出了瓦斯分类治理的具体建议.应用灰色系统理论,结合调查数据分别求解了新疆矿区原煤产量与绝对瓦斯涌出量的GM[1,1]预测模型.本研究为新疆煤炭资源后续规模开发过程中的相关环境决策和节能减排政策的实施提供了依据.     

甲烷-煤尘复合火焰的传播与温度特征

为了揭示甲烷-煤尘复合体系的燃烧特征,利用高速摄像机、超细热电偶、显微镜头等对管道内甲烷-煤尘复合火焰的传播过程及其温度特征进行了试验研究.结果表明,随着煤尘浓度的增加,甲烷-煤尘复合火焰的最高温度及传播速度呈现先增大后减小的趋势; 对于甲烷-煤尘复合火焰,粒径较大的煤尘在较小的浓度达到最高温度,而粒径较小的煤尘则需要在较大的浓度达到最高温度.     

稻田灌溉河流CH4和N2O排放特征及影响因素

随着农业氮肥大量施用,大量碳氮营养物质以淋溶或径流形式进入周边灌溉水体,使其成为甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)的重要排放源.以我国东南部地区典型稻田灌溉河流为研究对象,于2014年9月至2016年9月连续两年原位观测表层水体CH4和N2O溶存浓度及其排放通量,旨在明确稻田灌溉河流CH4和N2O的排放特征、排放强度及其主要驱动因子.结果表明,观测期内c(CH4溶存)的年平均值为(390.57±43.95)nmol·L-1(92.80～1 577.54 nmol·L-1),c(N2O溶存)的年平均值为(40.23±3.20)nmol·L-1(10.05～75.40 nmol·L-1).CH4和N2O的排放通量(年平均)分别为(20.73±6.08)mg·(m2·h)-1和(34.30±7.12)μg·(m2·h)-1.CH4和N2O溶存浓度和排放通量整体上均呈现出春夏排放高,秋冬排放低的季节变化趋势.两年CH4累计排放总量为(3 876.30±1 153.96)kg·hm-2,N2O累计排放总量为(5.74±0.98)kg·hm-2.两者持续性全球增温潜势(SGWP,以CO2-eq计)平均为(87.99±15.73)t·(hm2·a)-1.CH4排放通量与水温、底泥可溶性有机碳(DOC)显著正相关,而与水体溶解氧(DO)显著负相关;N2O排放通量与水温、水中铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)显著正相关,而与水体DO显著负相关.该研究可为科学估算我国农业灌溉流域CH4和N2O排放总量提供数据支撑和重要参考.