秸秆烟尘和灰烬中元素碳的稳定同位素组成

选取稻草、麦草和玉米秸秆各6个品种,进行室内模拟焚烧试验,用同位素质谱计测定了灰烬和烟尘中元素碳(EC)的同位素比值.结果表明,稻草明火和闷烧烟尘中EC的δ13C平均值分别是-28.3‰、-28.7‰,比稻草总碳分别轻2.7‰、3.0‰.麦草明火和闷烧烟尘中EC的δ13C平均值分别为-28.5‰、-28.0‰,比麦草总碳分别轻0.1‰、重0.4‰.玉米秸秆明火和闷烧烟尘中EC的δ13C平均值分别为-17.2‰、-13.6‰,比秸秆总碳分别轻3.4‰、重0.2‰.在稻草明火和闷烧灰烬中,EC的δ13C平均值分别是-27.5‰、-27.3‰,比稻草总碳分别轻1.8‰、1.6‰.在麦草的明火和闷烧灰烬中,EC的δ13C平均值分别为-27.4‰和-26.0‰,比麦草总碳分别重0.9‰和2.4‰.在玉米秸秆的明火和闷烧灰烬中,EC的δ13C平均值分别为-15.0‰和-14.8‰,比玉米秆总碳分别轻1.2‰和1.0‰.3类秸秆,尤其是稻草和玉米秸秆,其烟尘和灰烬中的EC均发生了明显的同位素分馏.其同位素组成对于识别和估算大气气溶胶中此类秸秆燃烧来源的EC有参考意义.     

Feasibility of vermicomposting dairy biosolids using a modified system to avoid earthworm mortality

Abstract

A laboratory study was conducted to examine the feasibility of vermicomposting dairy biosolids (dairy sludge), either alone or with either of the bulking agents ‐ cereal straw or wood shavings, using the epigeic earthworm ‐ Eisinea andrei. Earthworms added directly to these three substrates died within 48 hours. A system was developed to overcome the toxic effect of unprocessed dairy biosolids. The substrates were placed over a layer of vermicomposted sheep manure into which the earthworms were inoculated. Within two weeks, all earthworms were within the upper layer of substrate. Compared to sheep manure which is a favourable substrate for vermicomposting, the three substrates containing dairy biosolids were more effective in supporting earthworm growth and reproduction. The final products obtained after 63 days of vermicomposting had 39–53% less organic carbon than the initial substrates. Organic fractionation indicated that vermicomposting increased the stability of the materials to biological decomposition. The vermicomposts obtained from the three substrates with dairy biosolids had low heavy metal contents and electrical conductivities, and did not inhibit plant growth when compared with a commercial vermicompost in a bioassay.     

Effect of water washing on the thermal behavior of rice straw

Rice straw can be used as a renewable fuel for heat and power generation. It is a viable mean of replacing fossil fuels and preventing pollution caused by open burning, especially in the areas where this residual biomass is generated. Nevertheless, the thermal conversion of rice straw can cause some operating problems such as slag formation, which negatively affects thermal conversion systems. So, the main objective of this research is studying the combustion behavior of rice straw samples collected from various regions by applying thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, the thermal behavior of ashes from rice straw was also analyzed in order to detect their melting points, and ash sintering was detected at different temperatures within the range between 550 and 1000 °C. Since washing rice straw with water could reduce the content of undesirable inorganic compounds related to the ash fusibility, samples of washed rice straw were analyzed under combustion conditions to investigate its differences regarding the thermal behavior of rice straw. The results showed that rice straw washing led to a significant improvement in its thermal behavior, since it reduced the ash contents and sintering formation.     

秸秆生产燃料乙醇的研究进展

秸秆的化学成分复杂,主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三大部分组成。经过预处理、发酵和脱水可生成燃料乙醇,秸秆乙醇化技术已经备受关注。针对预处理、发酵和脱水3个过程的多种化学或生物技术的研究进展进行了分析,同时也指出其不足。秸秆预处理中的超临界技术虽然设备制造成本高,但在秸秆资源化中与传统技术相比显示了独特的优势,具有反应迅速、无需催化剂、无产物抑制等优点。     

稻秆对铜绿微囊藻抑制作用的研究

研究了稻秆浸出液对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用.研究表明,稻秆浸出液中含有的化学物质抑制了铜绿微囊藻的生长繁殖.稻秆浸泡时间的延长,有利于提高浸出液的抑藻效果,但浸泡时间过长则无益于抑藻效果提高,浸泡时间为15 d时,抑制率能高达75.99%.稻秆浸出液投加量达7.5%以上具有显著的抑藻效果.不同部位的水稻秸秆浸出液对铜绿...     

改性玉米秸秆吸附Cu2+的动力学和热力学

本研究用ZnCl2作为活化剂,使用功率640 W的微波照射4 min的方法制备改性玉米秸秆。考察投加量、pH、吸附时间对吸附性能的影响,并对等温吸附特征、吸附动力学和热力学进行了系统研究。结果表明:投加量为0.2 g,pH为6,改性玉米秸秆对Cu2+具有很好的吸附效果,吸附在8 h后达到平衡。该吸附过程符合Langmuir及Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级动力学方程,其反应的吉布斯自由能△G<0,为自发反应过程。     

农业废弃物用于沼气制备对氮磷排放减少量的研究

以礼嘉镇为例,分析了礼嘉镇农业废弃物如秸秆等的主要成分、畜禽粪便的排放量,提出了秸秆、畜禽粪便的深度利用最佳方法,即秸秆制燃料乙醇和配套的沼气方案。在沼气方案中,有效利用了不适合制备燃料乙醇的农业废弃物和畜禽粪便,同时得到了有机肥。     

生物质能源在小城镇中的应用及未来发展前景分析

通过对阿瓦提县国能生物发电项目的发电现状及实际运行效果进行统计,并结合污染源监测数据分析了生物质能源的开发利用现状,进而说明了生物质能源的开发利用方案及推广应用价值。     

稻草制浆黑液生物＋混凝处理试验

通过对稻草制浆黑液厌氧、好氧、混凝处理组合工艺的试验研究，探索该工艺的可行性，考察了不同温度、不同有机负荷下，该类废水的生物处理效果以及后续混凝效果。结果表明：中温35℃是厌氧阶段最佳处理温度，好氧阶段不同负荷条件下，CODCr去除率基本相同；经厌氧－好氧处理，黑液CODCr和木质素去除率分别为80％和30％，色度去除不明显；混凝阶段CODCr和木质素去除率分别为70％和90％，色度去除率达90％以上，出水达到国家标准。     

秸秆腐解剂在秸秆还田中的效果研究初报

在大田、微区和盆栽条件下，研究了秸秆腐解剂对小麦、水稻生长及产量的影响，同时研究了秸秆腐解剂对小麦、水稻秸秆腐解速率及对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明，稻、麦秸秆还田时施用秸秆腐解剂对提高稻、麦产量具有明显的增产效果，增产的原因是穗数和粒数增加；稻、麦秸秆还田量不同时，还田量大且配施秸秆腐解剂的效果较还田量小好；麦秸秆还田方式不同时，麦秸以栽稻前耕翻还田且配施秸秆腐解剂的效果较好，上水沤制的效果较差；秸秆腐解剂能促进稻、麦秸秆较快腐解，减轻和防止多量秸秆还田给作物生长带来不利影响，并可稳定和提高土壤养分含量。