Biostability in distribution systems in one city in southern China：Characteristics, modeling and control strategy

This study investigated the bacterial regrowth in drinking water distribution systems receiving finished water from an advanced drinking water treatment plant in one city in southem China. Thirteen nodes in two water supply zones with different aged pipelines were selected to monitor water temperature, dissolved oxygen （DO）, chloramine residual, assimilable organic carbon （AOC）, and heterotrophic plate counts （HPC）. Regression and principal component analyses indicated that HPC had a strong correlation with chloramine residual. Based on Chick-Watson＇s Law and the Monod equation, biostability curves under different conditions were developed to achieve the goal of HPC 100 CFU/mL. The biostability curves could interpret the scenario under various AOC concentrations and predict the required chloramine residual concentration under the condition of high AOC level. The simulation was also carded out to predict the scenario with a stricter HPC goal （≤50 CFU/mL） and determine the required chloramine residual. The biological regrowth control strategy was assessed using biostability curve analysis. The results indicated that maintaining high chloramine residual concentration was the most practical way to achieve the goal of HPC ≤ 100 CFU/mL. Biostability curves could be a very useful tool for biostability control in distribution systems. This work could provide some new insights towards biostability control in real distribution systems.     

Characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China

To understand the pollution characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China, total suspended particulate(TSP) and PM10samples were collected in cities of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan from December 2011 to January 2012, and heavy metals of Cd, Pb, Cr, and As were analyzed. It shows that the average TSP concentration in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan were(183 ± 73),(201 ± 84) and(190 ± 66) μg/m3respectively, and the average PM10 were(171 ± 82),(178 ± 65) and(179 ± 55) μg/m3respectively. The lowest TSP and PM10concentrations occurred at the background Shaping site of Changsha. The average ratio of ρ(PM10)/ρ(TSP) was 91.9%, ranging from 81.3% to 98.9%. Concerning heavy metals, in TSP samples, the concentration of Cr, As, Cd and Pb were 28.8–56.5, 18.1–76.3, 3.9–26.1 and 148.0–460.9 ng/m3, respectively, while in PM10samples, were 16.4–42.1, 15.5–67.9, 3.3–22.2 and 127.9–389.3 ng/m3, respectively. The enrichment factor of Cd was the highest, followed by Pb and As, while that of Cr was the lowest.     

Nitrogen mass balance in a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent

The nitrogen changes and the nitrogen mass balance in a free water surface flow constructed wetland （CW） using the four-year monitoring data from 2008 to 2012 were estimated. The CW was composed of six cells in series that include the first settling basin （Cell 1）, aeration pond （Cell 2）, deep marsh （Cell 3）, shallow marsh （Cell 4）, deep marsh （Cell 5） and final settling basin （Cell 6）. Analysis revealed that the NH4＋-N concentration decreased because of ammonification which was then followed by nitrification. The NO4＋-N and NO4＋-N were also further reduced by means of microbial activities and plant uptake during photosynthesis. The average nitrogen concentration at the influent was 37,819 kg/year and approximately 45% of that amount exited the CW in the effluent. The denitrification amounted to 34% of the net nitrogen input, whereas the accretion of sediment was only 7%. The biomass uptake of plants was able to retain only 1% of total nitrogen load. In order to improve the nutrient removal by plant uptake, plant coverage in four cells （i.e., Cells 1, 3, 4 and 5） could be increased.     

科技期刊常用量的符号、名称及释义

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科技期刊常用量的符号、名称及释义

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科技期刊常用量的符号、名称及释义

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科技期刊常用量的符号、名称及释义

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全球环境展望5——我们未来想要的环境:第2章 大气

<正>联合国环境规划署(UNEP)于2012年9月正式发布了全球环境展望5(GEO-5)中文版,该报告评估了世界上最重要的90个环境目标的完成情况。最新发布的GEO-5中文版将为世界上人口最多国家的研究人员、学者、政府代表、行业和民间团体带来联合国最全面的环境评估。本刊自2012年06期起对其进行连载。报告来源:联合国环境规划署。     

CALPUFF模型在某露天煤矿煤尘模拟中的应用

煤炭露天开采是我国煤炭生产的主要方法,为了验证CALPUFF模型在露天开采中,对煤尘浓度的模拟情况,本文耦合使用MM5/CALMET及CALPUFF软件,对某露天煤矿煤尘浓度进行模拟,并与监测值进行对比分析,发现监测值和模拟值的相关系数最高可达0.88,说明模拟值具有较高可信度.     

乙酰胺低共熔离子液体吸收SO_2的研究

制备了3种乙酰胺-无机盐类低共熔离子液体,测定了其物理性质并将其应用于SO2气体的吸收。结果表明,这些低共熔离子液体具有和传统离子液体相似的性质,例如熔点低、粘度低、密度高、电导率高以及较宽的液态范围。此类离子液体对SO2气体有较好的吸收能力,而且吸收量和温度的关系满足二次多项式方程。红外光谱结果表明吸收是可逆的,回收的离子液体可高效重复使用至少5次。乙酰胺-硫氰酸钠(3∶1)对SO2的质量分数吸收量为0.554 g/g(20℃,1 atm),具有吸收量高、成本低和易回收的优势,是一个很有前景的SO2吸收剂。