壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚对成年雄性斑马鱼HPG轴相关基因表达的影响

本研究以模式动物斑马鱼（Danio rerio）为受试生物,采用半静态水体暴露的方式研究了不同浓度壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NPEO）对斑马鱼雄性成鱼下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴（HPG轴）的影响.结果显示,考察浓度范围内的NPEO暴露可以显著上调斑马鱼脑中GnRH2、GnRHR1、GnRHR2、GnRHR4、FSHβ和LHβ基因,以及性腺中LHR基因的相对表达量.GnRHR和LHR基因表达量对较低浓度NPEO暴露较为敏感,其中GnRHR4和LHR基因表达量在低至0.001mg/L的NPEO暴露下即出现显著上调.0.1和10mg/L NPEO暴露可以显著抑制斑马鱼精巢中CYP17基因的表达量,而10mg/L NPEO暴露则可以显著诱导CYP19a基因的表达量.GnRH相关调控基因表达量的上调,表明NPEO暴露可以诱导下丘脑分泌GnRH,进而刺激垂体分泌GtH.NPEO暴露诱导CYP19a基因的表达,促进了内源雌激素的合成.同时,NPEO通过抑制CYP17表达,可能抑制睾酮（T）的合成,干扰斑马鱼精巢中原有的性激素平衡.斑马鱼精巢内雌激素水平升高负反馈给垂体,刺激垂体分泌促性腺激素.由此表明,考察浓度范围内（0.001~10mg/L）的NPEO的暴露可以影响雄性斑马鱼成鱼HPG轴的反馈调节.     

壬基酚对玫瑰无须鲃(Puntius conchonius)胚胎发育的影响

以玫瑰无须鲃(Puntius conchonius)胚胎为试验材料,通过胚胎的存活率、半致死浓度(LC50)以及胚胎发育过程中的形态学变化等来评价壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)对玫瑰无须鲃胚胎发育的影响.结果表明,壬基酚对胚胎的影响主要表现在胚胎发育的早期与晚期;壬基酚对胚胎的LC50随着壬基酚对胚胎作用时间的减少而增加,从卵裂期(2～4细胞期)开始染毒到孵化期的LC50为(7.55±0.22) μmol/L,而从成体节期染毒到孵化期的LC50为(10.77±0.08) μmol/L.壬基酚对玫瑰无须鲃胚胎不同发育阶段的影响程度不同,其中最敏感的阶段为成体节期,其次为卵裂期与囊胚期,较不敏感的为原肠胚期.玫瑰无须鲃胚胎对壬基酚毒性反应的主要变化特征为卵凝结、脊椎畸形以及胚胎发育延迟.研究表明,壬基酚对玫瑰无须鲃胚胎的发育具有明显的毒性效应,而鉴于玫瑰无须鲃胚胎对壬基酚的较高敏感性,可将玫瑰无须鲃胚胎作为评价壬基酚对胚胎发育毒性的一种理想模型.     

一种新的检测土壤中壬基酚的荧光定量PCR方法

建立了一种新的外切酶保护-荧光定量PCR方法检测环境激素壬基酚,并将该方法应用于土壤样品中壬基酚的检测.壬基酚可以活化雌激素受体使之与包含特定序列的双链DNA结合,结合的DNA因受到蛋白质的保护可抵抗核酸外切酶Exo Ⅲ的消解而被保留,痕量的保留DNA可通过PCR扩增定量.根据此原理,首先从鱼肝脏中提取含雌激素受体的细胞溶质,与不同浓度的壬基酚结合使雌激素受体活化,形成配体-受体复合物;再设计合成特异性引物序列,采用常规PCR方法扩增制备双链结合DNA;使双链结合DNA与配体-受体复合物反应结合后,用核酸外切酶ExoⅢ和S_1核酸酶消解,去除未受到蛋白质保护的结合DNA.将消解后产物作为模板,进行荧光定量PCR扩增反应,从而建立C_t值与壬基酚质量浓度N(g/L)的标准曲线C_t=-1.828lgN+11.447.将该方法应用于土壤中壬基酚的检测,最低检测限达到2 pg/g,可用于检测大批量环境样品中壬基酚.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在碱性印染废水中的降解

通过静态和动态连续降解实验,揭示了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEO,Nonylphenol ethoxylates,浓度6.25~12.5 mg·L-1)在碱性牛仔布印染废水中的去除规律.批式活性污泥实验表明,厌氧环境下,随着p H值的增加,壬基酚(NP,Nonylphenol)产生受到抑制,短链NPEO(环氧乙烯加成数1~3,NP(1~3)EO)总浓度水平虽然只有500~900μg·L-1,却呈现增加趋势;好氧环境下,尽管NPEO总量降解率超过85%,但产生的各种短链NP(1~3)EO和短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚酸酯(NPEC,Nonylphenol polyethoxycarboxylate)浓度区间为10~110μg·L-1,碱性环境下两类物质总量最低,不足100μg·L-1.耦合厌氧水解和好氧曝气的连续实验表明,增设填料的厌氧折板水解池出水中短链NP(1~3)EO的总浓度增至4000~5000μg·L-1,这与厌氧环境下一部分NPEO附着在废水杂质和厌氧污泥上,在污泥龄较长的附着型污泥作用下,生成了大量的NP(1~3)EO有关;好氧段出水中NP(1~3)EO浓度降至230~610μg·L-1,短链NPEC(NP(1~3)EC)总量上升到800~1000μg·L-1,NP(1~3)EC由NP(1~3)EO转化来的可能最大.印染出水中NP及NP(1~3)EO受厌氧段出水中NP及NP(1~3)EO浓度影响明显.     

Spatial-temporal distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol and octylphenol in riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta, China

The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China are subjected to contamination with various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this paper, the occurrence, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of alkylphenol octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in fiver surface water and sediments in the runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all water and sediment samples and their mean concentrations in surface water during the dry season ranged from 810 to 3366 ng/L and 85.5 to 581 ng/L, respectively, and those in sediments ranged from 14.2 to 95.2 ng/g dw and 0.4 to 3.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In surface water, much higher concentrations were detected in the dry season than those in the wet season. In sediments, the concentrations in the dry season were also mostly higher. High concentrations of NP and OP were found in Humen outlet, likely due to high levels of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. An ecological risk assessment with the use of hazard quotient （HQ） was also carried out and the HQvalues ranged from 3.6 × 10^-5 to 35 and 64% of samples gave a HQ 〉 1, indicating that the current levels of NP and OP pose a significant risk to the relevant aquatic organisms in the region.     

北京市再生水与地表水中的内分泌干扰物分析

文章以北京己投入运行的再生水厂及北京地区典型地表水为研究对象,利用液相色谱-质谱分析相结合的方法对环境内分泌干扰物壬基酚、双酚A和雌醇类物质进行调查,结果显示,再生水中所含内分泌干扰物与地表水没有明显差异。壬基酚在再生水和地表水中都有检出,其浓度在30~300 ng/L之间,而双酚A除方庄和吴家村再生水厂外,其余各水样均有检出,其浓度在0~30 ng/L之间。各水样中均有雌醇类物质检出,但含量极低。再生水处理工艺对内分泌干扰物浓度水平影响很大。     

酚类内分泌干扰物的污染现状及处理研究进展

为了更好的治理水体中pEDCs的污染,针对pEDCs的代表物质双酚A和烷基酚,综述了世界范围内污染源水中pEDCs的污染现状,并介绍了吸附法、膜处理法、生物降解法、化学氧化法及高级氧化法等主要处理方法。同时,展望了今后pEDCs处理的主要研究方向及现存处理方法的应用前景。两种或两种以上方法的联用将是未来研究的一个重要方向。     

Removal of PCDD/Fs and PCBs from sediment by oxygen free pyrolysis

Few studies have dealt on the evaluation of volatilization and decomposition reactions of dioxins from sediment by oxygen free pyrolysis. In this study, the performance of pyrolysis on the removal of dioxins from sediment was investigated. Dioxin concentrations of the raw sediment and the solid residues after pyrolysis were analyzed at different conditions. Results showed a removal efficiency of 99.9999% for total dioxins at 800℃ and retention time of 30 min. All the polychlorinated dibenzo-furans （PCDFs） have been removed and were not formed in the solid residues at the retention time range of 30-90 min at 800℃. Close to 100% removal of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins （PCDDs） was also achieved. Only trace PCDDs were detected in the solid yields at a retention time of 60 min. The highest removal efficiency of polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） was more than 99.9994% at a retention time of 30 min. During cooling period following pyrolysis, however, the concentration of total dioxins in solid residues increased 130 times as compared to that of the raw sediment under air atmosphere. This confirmed that some complex reactions do occur to form PCDD/Fs and PCBs from 800 to 400℃ in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen-free atmosphere therefore can prevent formation of dioxin during thermal process thus generating clean solid residues.     

恶臭假单胞菌降解壬基酚的条件优化及产物分析

从活性污泥中分离得到菌株X-8,经16S rDNA序列测定和分析比较,鉴定该菌株为恶臭假单胞菌.借助正交试验,对该菌株的生长条件和壬基酚(NP)降解条件进行了优化.在实验室利用X-8降解NP的适宜条件为:温度40 ℃,pH值7.0,降解时间26 h,培养基中NP质量浓度14.723 75 ng/霯.在此条件下,降解率可达75.28%.通过GC-MS检测,对菌株X-8的降解产物进行了分析,推测NP的降解产物为辛基酚和戊基酚.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在膜-生物反应器中的归趋

综述了环境内分泌干扰物壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的化学性质、环境释放机制以及其对环境构成的危害,归纳了壬基酚及其短链聚氧乙烯醚（NPnEO）在膜-生物反应器（MBR）中的迁移转化规律,分析了其生物降解性和降解机理,探讨了MBR中活性污泥对其吸附能力和膜的截留能力,讨论了包括厌氧或好氧条件下的温度、水力停留时间、污泥停留时间等因素对于其降解过程的影响。