经济增长与建设用地扩张的脱钩分析

为分析经济增长与建设用地扩张之间的相互关系,论文探讨了经济增长与建设用地扩张脱钩的定义,将环境领域的脱钩概念和脱钩分析引入土地利用分析,在IPAT模型基础上建立了包含建设用地和GDP等变量在内的核算方程,据此对环境领域基于变化量的脱钩评价方法加以了改进,建立了经济增长与建设用地扩张脱钩分析方法。在此基础上,文章以我国经济增长与建设用地的相互关系为例,分别分析了2002—2007年期间全国以及31个省级区域GDP增长与建设用地扩张、非农产业GDP增长与建设用地扩张以及第三产业GDP增长与建设用地扩张之间的脱钩关系。分析表明:以年度为时间尺度,在2002—2007年之间,从GDP和建设用地角度考察,除青海省、上海和海南在个别年份落在强脱钩区域,其余28个省级区域均落在弱脱钩区域;从非农产业GDP和建设用地角度考察,除上海在2006年落在强脱钩区域外,其余30个省级区域均落在弱脱钩区域;从第三产业GDP和建设用地角度考察,除西藏在2003年落在扩张性复钩以及青海、上海、海南和广西在个别年份落在强脱钩区域外,其余26个省级区域均落在弱脱钩区域;以2002—2007年时间段为时间尺度,全国及31个省级区域均落在弱脱钩区域。鉴于建设用地扩张与经济增长之间的滞后关系,以时期为时间尺度进行脱钩分析更为合适;分析还表明,在经济增长过程中,提高建设用地效率对于实现脱钩有重要作用,有效控制建设用地总量是实现强脱钩的重要手段。     

资源环境领域脱钩分析研究进展

为掌握资源环境领域脱钩分析的研究进展,论文采用概括和比较分析的手段,从脱钩概念界定、脱钩分析的主要关注领域、脱钩分析的测度方法以及脱钩指标4个方面对资源环境领域的脱钩分析进行了梳理和概括。归纳出已有研究的几个特点:①不同研究对于脱钩的定义和类型划分不同,就脱钩而言,主要区别在于所包含绝对脱钩、相对脱钩和衰退性脱钩中的类型不同;②目前脱钩分析的研究领域主要集中在宏观层面以及部分行业(产业)层面的环境(资源)压力与其驱动因素之间的脱钩分析;③不同研究所采用的脱钩测度方法有很大差别,目前大致有8类不同的脱钩测度方法;④脱钩指标也是脱钩分析中的一项重要研究内容,目前还没有一个统一的指标体系,越来越多的研究将各类有关环境压力和资源消耗的指标应用到脱钩分析作为脱钩指标。最后探讨了还需要进一步深入研究的内容。     

基于实验经济学的森林环境资源价值评估的文献综述

首先从实验经济学的概述出发,展示了实验经济学理论与方法的有代表性文献的研究结论,综述了其在中国的应用。其次,对森林资源价值评估的国内外研究现状进行了总结和归纳;并且根据各种评估方法的计算特点,将森林资源价值评估方法大致综合成了三种：直接市场评价法、替代市场评价法和假想市场评价法。最后,创造性地将二者结合起来提出了自己的看法,并指出基于实验经济学进行森林资源价值评估是一个崭新的领域,其发展中机会与挑战并存。     

Plant leaf economics and reproductive investment are responsive to gradients of land use intensity

Relationships between functional leaf traits across large sets of plant species emphasized the existence of a major axis describing a trade-off between rapid acquisition and conservation of resources forming the so-called “leaf economics spectrum”. It is uncertain which environmental factors determine the economics spectrum and whether traits associated with reproduction co-vary with the economics spectrum. To determine these trait-environment relationships for agricultural ecosystems, this study was conducted at field, pasture, and heathland sites forming a strong land use gradient in Northwest Germany. The abundance of 49 species was recorded in 85 plots together with their traits (canopy height, specific leaf area, leaf N, leaf N:P, leaf and stem dry matter content, life cycle, reproductive investment (RI) in seed mass and seed number), as well as parameters describing soil resources and land use disturbances. RLQ multivariate analysis of the data set related an environmental table to a species trait table using a species abundance table to extract the joint structure between them. Thereafter, we clustered the species on the RLQ axis to extract functional groups. Traits associated with the leaf economics spectrum were strongly related to soil resources that co-varied with disturbance intensity. A division of the whole land use gradient into agricultural and heathland sites showed that RI was not decoupled from trait-environment relationships although the direction of the RI-environment relationship was opposite in the two subsets. Species were clumped rather than linearly arranged in the trait-environment space and the functional groups broadly corresponded to weed communities, pastures with differing intensities, and heathlands. The trade-off in plant economics responding to soil resources supports predictions of previous theoretical and empirical work. Different RI-environment relationships in agricultural sites and heathlands emphasize the relevance of local scales in trait-environment studies. In general, the results point to some of the biological mechanisms controlling functions and services of agricultural ecosystems.     

The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin1

Leidner, Andrew J., M. Edward Rister, Ronald D. Lacewell, and Allen W. Sturdivant, 2011. The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):597‐610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00527.x Abstract: Regional water management on the United States’ side of the middle and lower portions of the Rio Grande basin of Texas has been aided by a functioning water market since the early 1970s. The water market operates over a region that stretches from the Amistad Reservoir to the Rio Grande’s terminus into the Gulf of Mexico. This article provides an overview of the organizations, institutions, policies, and geographic particulars of the region’s water‐management system and its water market. In recent years, this region has experienced high population growth, periodic droughts, and a reallocation of water resources from the area’s agricultural sector to the municipal sector. Demand growth for potable water and a relatively fixed supply of raw water are reflected in increasing prices for domestic, municipal, and industrial water rights. Rising prices in the presence of scarcity and the transfer of water from lower‐value to higher‐value uses indicate that the market is operating as suggested by economic theory. Reasons for the market’s functionality are presented and discussed. Finally, suggestions are presented which might mitigate potential complications to market operations from aquifer depletion and aid the management of instream river flows.     

Integrated Freshwater Solutions — A New Zealand Application of Mediated Modeling

Mediated Modeling (MM) refers to “model building with stakeholders,” enabling collaborative learning and decision support. This article presents results from the Integrated Freshwater Solutions (IFS — www.ifs.org.nz ) action research project in the Manawatū River watershed, New Zealand. Water quality in the watershed often rates poorly, with the key issues being sedimentation, eutrophication, and habitat destruction. IFS is to develop and test MM to support collaborative and adaptive freshwater management. The project team was presented with the opportunity to collaborate with the Manawatū River Leaders' Forum (MRLF), an initiative driven by the Regional Council to improve water quality. This article describes the process of MM and how it was adapted to meet the needs of MRLF stakeholders. This highlights some important conditions for collaborative and adaptive capacity building. The MM/MRLF stakeholders, represented: industry, farming, local and regional authorities, environmental groups, and indigenous Māori iwi/hapū (tribe/sub‐tribe). This article describes how MM assisted early in the collaborative process to develop the following: (1) a shared and more integrated understanding of causes and effects and (2) a sense of the order of magnitude of the problems and the impact proposed solutions might have. It also describes how the context of politics, time, and resource constraints played an important role reverting to a more traditional planning approach part way through the process.     

“禽流感”的生态安全与经济分析

连续几年的禽流感,给养殖业和国家经济发展带来很大成本和风险。从生态学的角度看,禽流感是一个生态安全问题;从经济学的角度看,是一个生态经济问题;禽流感实际上是在社会经济发展过程中,由生态和经济两大系统共同引发的安全问题。通过生态安全和生态经济的分析,禽流感要求人类在经济发展中考虑生态成本,改善养殖方式,提倡绿色产品,从生态投入和收益的角度来重新审视禽流感。符合生态安全的养殖方式才是最为经济的,对于人类来说,才是最为安全的。     

Intelligent Databases Assist Transparent and Sound Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services

Assessment and economic valuation of services provided by ecosystems to humans has become a crucial phase in environmental management and policy-making. As primary valuation studies are out of the reach of many institutions, secondary valuation or benefit transfer, where the results of previous studies are transferred to the geographical, environmental, social, and economic context of interest, is becoming increasingly common. This has brought to light the importance of environmental valuation databases, which provide reliable valuation data to inform secondary valuation with enough detail to enable the transfer of values across contexts. This paper describes the role of next-generation, intelligent databases (IDBs) in assisting the activity of valuation. Such databases employ artificial intelligence to inform the transfer of values across contexts, enforcing comparability of values and allowing users to generate custom valuation portfolios that synthesize previous studies and provide aggregated value estimates to use as a base for secondary valuation. After a general introduction, we introduce the Ecosystem Services Database, the first IDB for environmental valuation to be made available to the public, describe its functionalities and the lessons learned from its usage, and outline the remaining needs and expected future developments in the field.     

论资源经济学的研究对象

资源经济学至今没能成为一门成熟学科的首要原因在于学者们对其研究对象没有形成统一的认识,并主要存在两方面的问题:其一,在研究对象的外延和内涵上,没有划清资源经济学、环境经济学和生态经济学之间的界限;其二,把资源经济学变成自然资源有效配置或利用经济学。作者根据人口、自然资源、自然环境、自然灾害和生态系统之间的关系,以及它们分别与经济系统形成的7个交叉系统,把资源经济学与6种相关经济学的研究领域对象区分开来。进而根据科学研究对象所具有的特殊矛盾性,把资源经济学、环境经济学和生态经济学的研究内容划分开来。还根据经济学的研究对象是经济活动的概要界定,从总体上分别概要地界定了三种经济学的研究对象,并认为资源经济活动是资源经济本质、资源经济运行和资源经济发展的统一。     

生物质液化燃油的工业适用性及安全性探讨

简要介绍了中国石油安全面临的问题及其对国家经济可持续发展的可能影响;一般生物燃油的用途、物理性能指标、主要元素含量及其与石化轻油、重油同类指标的对比;论述了生物燃油的工业适用性、安全性和环保性;探讨了生物燃油的生产成本、市场销售预测、生产设备造价、产业化开发的经济收益以及农林剩余物资源潜力和产业化开发可能创造的就业机会等问题。