Runoff and leaching of atrazine and alachlor on a sandy soil as affected by application in sprinkler irrigation

Abstract

Rainfall simulation was used with small packed boxes of soil to compare runoff of herbicides applied by conventional spray and injection into sprinkler‐irrigation (chemigation), under severe rainfall conditions. It was hypothesized that the larger water volumes used in chemigation would leach some of the chemicals out of the soil surface rainfall interaction zone, and thus reduce the amounts of herbicides available for runoff. A 47‐mm rain falling in a 2‐hour event 24 hours after application of alachlor (2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxymethyl)‐acetamide) and atrazine (6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine) was simulated. The design of the boxes allowed a measurement of pesticide concentrations in splash water throughout the rainfall event. Initial atrazine concentrations exceeding its’ solubility were observed. When the herbicides were applied in 64000 L/ha of water (simulating chemigation in 6.4 mm irrigation water) to the surface of a Tifton loamy sand, subsequent herbicide losses in runoff water were decreased by 90% for atrazine and 91% for alachlor, as compared to losses from applications in typical carrier water volumes of 187 L/ha. However, this difference was not due to an herbicide leaching effect but to a 96% decrease in the amount of runoff from the chemigated plots. Only 0.3 mm of runoff occurred from the chemigated boxes while 7.4 mm runoff occurred from the conventionally‐treated boxes, even though antecedent moisture was higher in the former. Two possible explanations for this unexpected result are (a) increased aggregate stability in the more moist condition, leading to less surface sealing during subsequent rainfall, or (b) a hydrophobic effect in the drier boxes. In the majority of these pans herbicide loss was much less in runoff than in leachate water. Thus, in this soil, application of these herbicides by chemigation would decrease their potential for pollution only in situations where runoff is a greater potential threat than leaching.     

Atrazine degradation in a containerized rhizosphere system

Abstract

The effect of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) on rhizosphere microorganisms and its fate in a containerized rhizosphere system was studied. The rhizosphere system consisted of corn grown in pot containing a defined potting mix of sand and bark with atrazine. Sterilized potting mix and a container without plants served as controls. Atrazine was extracted and analyzed via HPLC. Fluorescent pseudomonad populations increased 100‐fold in the rhizposphere during a 60‐day incubation period as compared to the nonvegetated control. Atrazine degradation was higher in the rhizosphere system (half‐life of 7 days) compared to the nonvegetated control (half‐life of greater than 45 days). The major degradation product detected in the rhizosphere system was deisopropylatrazine; other products detected included deethylatrazine, deethylhydroxyatrazine, deisopropylatrazine and hydroxyatrazine. Hydroxyatrazine was detected in the nonvegetated and sterile controls. The containerized rhizosphere system provides an experimental system to study the fate of pesticidal chemicals as well as the effects on microbial populations.     

海河悬浮颗粒物影响阿特拉津对斑马鱼的急性毒性研究

悬浮颗粒物对有机污染物的吸附降低了其表观生物富集系数,这一过程是否同时能够减弱有机污染物对水生生物的毒性却少有报道.因此,本研究选取海河干流二道闸沉积物为悬浮颗粒物,以阿特拉津为目标污染物,斑马鱼为目标生物,进行急性毒性试验.结果表明,无悬浮颗粒物时,阿特拉津对斑马鱼的96 h半致死浓度(96h-LC50)为29.06 mg·L-1,95%置信区间为24.41~40.70 mg·L-1,悬浮颗粒物浓度为7500mg·L-1和15000 mg·L-1时这一指标分别为30.74 mg·L-1和39.51 mg·L-1,对应的95%置信区间分别为27.17~40.91 mg·L-1和30.43~126.93 mg·L-1.并且无悬浮颗粒物、7500 mg·L-1悬浮颗粒物、15000 mg·L-1悬浮颗粒物3组染毒系列中出现的最大无效应浓度分别为3、9和15 mg·L-1.研究表明,悬浮颗粒物的存在降低了阿特拉津对斑马鱼的急性毒性.     

太子河流域莠去津的空间分布及风险评价

应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer,GC-MS),分析了莠去津(atrazine,AT)在太子河流域地表水、悬浮物和地下水中的含量水平,以及AT在该流域水体环境中的分布特征与环境行为,并对地表水中的AT污染程度进行了初步评价.结果表明,太子河流域地表水中ρ(AT)为0~734.0 ng·L-1,悬浮物中ω(AT)为0~1 496.6 ng·g-1,地下水中ρ(AT)为30.0~245.0 ng·L-1,其算术平均值分别为335.3 ng·L-1、382.9 ng·L-1和104.4 ng·L-1.AT在太子河流域地表水中水相-悬浮物相的有机碳标准分配系数(lg koc)介于3.50~4.14,表明悬浮物的吸附是水体中AT迁移的一个重要途径.AT在太子河流域地表水体中(水相和悬浮物相)的通量介于1.5~184.7 mg·s-1之间,最高值出现在中游地区.风险评价结果显示,地表水中AT的生态风险很小,95%以上的物种能够得以保护,但太子河流域地表水中AT的残留水平可能具有一定的潜在危害.     

PESTICIDE ACCUMULATION IN A NEW IMPOUNDMENT IN IOWA1

ABSTRACT: Estimates were made of the amounts of selected pesticides entering and leaving Saylorville Reservoir, a new partly filled impoundment on the Des Moines River. Samples were collected at 1– or 2-week intervals at stations above, in, and below the reservoir. Atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine were found only in the dissolved state, and dieldrin and p, p′ -DDE in both the, dissolved and suspended state. Heptachlor epoxide, p,p-DDT. p, p′ -DDD, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-TP, endrin, lindane, methoxychlor, propachlor, and toxaphene were not detected or were at very low concentrations. Estimated deposition in the reservoir from September 1977 to October 1978 was 281 kg atrazine, 251 kg alachlor, 26 kg cyanazine, 16 kg dieldrin, and 20 kg p, p′ -DDE.     

Long-Term Maintenance of Rapid Atrazine Degradation in Soils Inoculated with Atrazine Degraders

Two different microbial communities able to degrade atrazine (atz) were inoculated in four different soils. The most critical factor affecting the success of inoculation was the soil pH and its organic matter (OM) content. In two alkaline soils (pH > 7), some inoculations led immediately to a strong increase of the biodegradation rate. In a third slightly acidic soil (pH = 6.1), only one inoculum could enhance atz degradation. In a soil amended with organic matter and straw (pH = 5.7, OM = 16.5%), inoculation had only little effect on atz dissipation on the short as well as on the long-term. Nine months after the microflora inoculations, atz was added again and rapid biodegradation in all alkaline inoculated soils was recorded, indicating the long-term efficiency of inoculation. In these soils, the number of atz degraders was estimated at between 6.5 × 10³ and 1.5 × 10⁶ (g of soil)^-1, using the most probable number (MPN) method. Furthermore, the presence of the atz degraders was confirmed by the detection of the gene atzA in these soils. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the 16S rDNA genes indicated that the inoculated bacterial communities had little effect on the patterns of the indigenous soil microflora.     

Time Series Analysis of Nebraska Daily Rainfall Data to Simulate Atrazine Runoff1

Abstract: Measured atrazine concentrations in Nebraska surface water have been shown to exceed water‐quality standards, posing risks to humans and to the ecosystem. To assess this risk, atrazine runoff was simulated at the field‐scale in Nebraska based on the pesticide component of the AGNPS model. This project’s objective was to determine the frequency that the atrazine concentration at the field outlet exceeded three different atrazine water‐quality criteria. The simulation was conducted for different farm management practices, soil moisture conditions, and five Nebraska topographic regions. If the criteria were exceeded, a risk to the drinking water consumer or freshwater aquatic life was hypothesized to exist. Three pesticide fate and transport processes were simulated with the model. Degradation was simulated using first‐order kinetics. Adsorption/desorption was modeled assuming a linear soil‐water partitioning coefficient. Advection (runoff) was based primarily on the USDA‐NRCS curve number method. Daily rainfall from the National Weather Service was used to compute the soil moisture conditions for the 1985‐2000 growing seasons. After each runoff event, the pesticide runoff concentration was compared with each of the three atrazine water‐quality criteria. The results show that environmental receptors (i.e., freshwater aquatic species) are exposed to unacceptable atrazine runoff concentrations in 20‐50% of the runoff events.     

锌粉降解地下水中的农药阿特拉津

研究了Zn⁰催化还原模拟地下水中阿特拉津.结果表明,Zn⁰比Fe⁰具有更高的反应活性,反应5d对阿特拉津的降解率为100%,在Zn⁰还原脱氯的过程中,溶液的pH值逐渐增加,反应过程中通过添加磷酸缓冲溶液调节pH值,24h降解率达到100%.阿特拉津降解产物的GC/MS鉴定表明,阿特拉津还原脱氯的产物为2-乙胺基-4-乙丙胺基-1,3,5-三嗪(DCA).     

除草剂阿特拉津生物降解研究进展

本文综述了近年来国内外在阿特拉津降解菌及降解途径方面的研究进展 ,及在微生物产生的阿特拉津降解酶、其操作基因方面的研究现状 ,并提出了阿特拉津生物降解的研究趋势     

阿特拉津对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻生长的影响

在实验室内利用MA培养液培养,通过测定藻生长量和叶绿素a含量,研究不同浓度下的阿特拉津对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)生长的影响,并以藻细胞数表示的最大比生长率为指标,评价2种藻对阿特拉津的敏感性.结果表明,在0.001～5.000 mg·L-1质量浓度范围内,阿特拉津对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻的生长表现出低浓度刺激、高浓度抑制的效应,且阿特拉津对四尾栅藻的刺激效应明显大于铜绿微囊藻.