不同光强对阿特拉津和百草枯藻类毒性的影响

分别在20和50μmol·m-2·s-1光照强度下,研究了两种除草剂阿特拉津和百草枯对3株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806、M.aeruginosa XW01、集胞藻Synechocystis PCC6803和两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa、四尾柵藻Scenedesmus quadricauda的毒害效应.通过测定藻的生长,计算出了半效抑制浓度EC50值,结果表明:高光强下两种除草剂对5株藻的96 h-EC50值均明显低于低光强下的值,显示高光强有促进两种除草剂对藻类毒害的效应.高光强可促使阿特拉津显著提高藻细胞的丙二醛(MDA)含量,提示高光强促进阿特拉津产生更多的自由基破坏细胞膜脂.     

水体阿特拉津残留对千屈菜的毒性效应

为向水体污染的植物修复技术提供依据,采用营养液水培法研究5个阿特拉津浓度(1、2、4、8和16 mg L-1)下千屈菜鲜重增量、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、根系活力和叶绿素含量等的变化差异.结果表明,阿特拉津胁迫下,千屈菜在实验浓度范围内均可存活和生长;但鲜重增量、RWC、叶绿素含量均有不同程度的下降,根系活力和POD活性降低,同时MDA含量上升,膜脂过氧化程度加剧.阿特拉津浓度越高,其对千屈菜的毒性越高.1 mg L-1处理下,除POD活性外植物其他生长和生理指标均与空白对照无显著差异;但16 mgL-1处理下,鲜重增量、MDA含量和POD活性则显著低于正常水平.由于阿特拉津的降解,这种不良影响随处理时间的延长而减弱.千屈菜对低浓度阿特拉津(≤1 mg L-1)具有较高耐受性.     

乙草胺和莠去津对土壤微生物的影响及安全性评价

采用密闭法测定了乙草胺和莠去津对土壤微生物呼吸作用的影响，并对其使用的环境安全性进行了评价。结果表明，乙草胺和莠去津对土壤微生物基本无影响；它们对土壤微生物的安全性属于低毒级或无实际危害级农药。     

化学改性活性炭对水中阿特拉津的吸附去除

以5 mol/L HNO3,40%NaOH及5%H2O2对活性炭进行化学改性,采用序批式实验研究了活性炭改性前后对阿特拉津(AT)的吸附平衡特性,并以Langmuir和Freundlich模型对吸附等温线进行了拟合。结合活性炭改性前后孔结构和表面化学的变化特征,探讨了不同改性方法对AT吸附去除的影响效应。结果表明:活性炭经5 mol/L HNO3改性后对AT的吸附性能显著降低;而5%H2O2和40%NaOH改性炭对AT的吸附能力较原炭明显增强,且40%NaOH改性炭的吸附能力大于5%H2O2改性炭。原炭及改性炭对AT的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型。HNO3改性炭对AT吸附的降低主要是由于表面酸性基团的增加引起的;H2O2改性炭对AT吸附能力的提高主要是由于比表面积的增大引起的;而NaOH改性炭对AT吸附能力的提高是由比表面积增大和表面碱性基团增加共同作用的结果。几种改性炭和原炭对AT去除率的大小顺序依次为:NaOH改性炭>H2O2改性炭>原炭>HNO3改性炭。     

Vegetative Buffer Strips for Reducing Herbicide Transport in Runoff: Effects of Buffer Width,Vegetation, and Season

The effectiveness of vegetative buffer strips (VBS) for reducing herbicide transport has not been well documented for runoff prone soils. A multi‐year plot‐scale study was conducted on an eroded claypan soil with the following objectives: (1) assess the effects of buffer width, vegetation, and season on runoff transport of atrazine (ATR), metolachlor (MET), and glyphosate; (2) develop VBS design criteria for herbicides; and (3) compare differences in soil quality among vegetation treatments. Rainfall simulation was used to create uniform antecedent soil water content and to generate runoff. Vegetation treatment and buffer width impacted herbicide loads much more than season. Grass treatments reduced herbicide loads by 19‐28% and sediment loads by 67% compared to the control. Grass treatments increased retention of dissolved‐phase herbicides by both infiltration and adsorption, but adsorption accounted for the greatest proportion of retained herbicide load. This latter finding indicated VBS can be effective on poorly drained soils or when the source to buffer area ratio is high. Grass treatments modestly improved surface soil quality 8‐13 years after establishment, with significant increases in organic C, total N, and ATR and MET sorption compared to continuously tilled control. Herbicide loads as a function of buffer width were well described by first‐order decay models which indicated VBS can provide significant load reductions under anticipated field conditions.     

Investigation of the effects of humic acid and H 2 O 2 on the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine assisted by microwave

A solution of atrazine in a TiO₂ suspension, an endocrine disruptor in natural water, was tentatively treated by microwave-assisted photocatalytic technique. The effects of mannitol, oxygen, humic acid, and hydrogen dioxide on the photodegradation rate were explored. The results could be deduced as follows: the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine fits the pseudo-first-order kinetic well with k = 0.0328 s⁻¹, and ·OH was identified as the dominant reactant. Photodegradation of atrazine was hindered in the presence of humic acid, and the retardation effect increased as the concentration of humic acid increased. H₂O₂ displayed a significant negative influence on atrazine photocatalysis efficiency. Based on intermediates identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques, the main degradation routes of atrazine are proposed.     

过氧化氢和一氧化氮在小球藻抗阿特拉津胁迫中的作用

过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和一氧化氮(NO)作为信号分子,可调节植物生长、发育以及应对外源性胁迫。利用过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及NO清除剂(PTIO),研究了除草剂阿特拉津(atrazine,100μg·L~(-1))影响小球藻生长的机理,并分析内源性H_2O_2和NO在小球藻抗除草剂胁迫中的作用。研究结果表明,阿特拉津在诱发小球藻细胞死亡的过程中,不同程度促发了H_2O_2和NO生成;外源CAT可通过清除H_2O_2和诱导NO来缓解阿特拉津对小球藻的生长抑制;PTIO与阿特拉津的联合实验进一步证实,小球藻体内的NO诱导与H_2O_2的爆发无关,它们之间的合成没有相关性。因此,除草剂阿特拉津主要通过诱导小球藻体内的H_2O_2爆发来破坏藻细胞,抑制其生长,与NO的信号传递无关。     

除草剂对苘麻子代萌发和幼苗生长的延迟影响

以我国本土野生植物苘麻为研究对象,通过盆栽和萌发实验,研究了苯磺隆和莠去津2种除草剂施用于苘麻花期对收获种子的萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,苯磺隆和莠去津均对苘麻繁殖具有延续影响.苯磺隆对苘麻的种子萌发百分率和平均发芽时间影响不显著,而使种子萌发初始时间提前或推迟,随着浓度增加变化无规律性.大田推荐剂量浓度的苯磺隆（22.5g ai/hm²）抑制第7天幼苗生长特别是子叶下胚轴生长,而低于大田推荐剂量的6个浓度均促进第7d幼苗生长.大田推荐剂量浓度1/16的莠去津（75g ai/hm²）处理后所获得种子萌发百分率显著高于空白对照和其它处理获得的种子萌发百分率,施用大田推荐剂量（1200g ai/hm²）和大田推荐剂量浓度1/4的莠去津（300g ai/hm²）使种子初始萌发时间显著推迟.莠去津使种子平均发芽时间显著增加,大田推荐剂量浓度1/64（0.35g ai/hm²）和1/4的莠去津抑制第7天幼苗生长.     

沉水植物对阿特拉津胁迫的毒理响应

为揭示在阿特拉津胁迫下沉水植物生长及其与谷胱甘肽代谢途径的关系,通过培养实验研究了沉水植物菹草(Potamogeton crispus)和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)对0、0.5、1.0和2.0 mg·kg~(-1)阿特拉津的吸收特性,并对不同培养时期沉水植物的鲜重、总谷胱甘肽含量(T-GSH,即还原型谷胱甘肽GSH和氧化型谷胱甘肽GSSG之和)、GSH/GSSG比值及其形态变化、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性进行了测定。结果表明:沉积物阿特拉津初始浓度越高,植物体内阿特拉津浓度也越高。在培养60 d内,添加的阿特拉津对2种沉水植物的生长均产生显著抑制作用(P0.05)。在阿特拉津胁迫60 d后,各处理植物体内GSH/GSSG比值有所回升,其GR和GST活性均高于空白对照组。处理组植物体内GR和GST活性在30 d时达到最高值。与此同时,GSH脱去谷氨酸后能与阿特拉津形成共轭物。以上结果提示,≤2 mg·kg~(-1)阿特拉津在培养前60 d内会对植物生长产生抑制,但在90 d时植物会从伤害中恢复过来。沉水植物体内的谷胱甘肽在GR和GST作用下,对阿特拉津及其产生的活性氧具有一定去除作用,并通过控制酶活使植物体保持一定的GSH含量;另一方面,GSH可以与阿特拉津结合形成新的共轭物,以此缓解阿特拉津对沉水植物的毒害。     

官厅水库水中阿特拉津残留的分析及污染来源

利用固相萃取-高效液相-质谱联用方法直接分析饮用水中超痕量的内分泌干扰剂阿特拉津.仅用10～50ml水样,只需40min就可完成联机分析,检测限为10ng/L.在官厅水库水中检测出痕量污染物阿特拉津残留,浓度为0.67～3.9μg/L,并对其污染的来源进行了调查,认为水库上游洋河边的一家生产阿特拉津的农药厂为污染的主要来源.