牡蛎生物环境标准样品的研制

文章对我国环境保护系统研制出用于海洋和江河水域环境监测的牡蛎生物环境标准样品的一些情况做了详细介绍;尤其对牡蛎环境标样的制备过程,牡蛎标样的作用,均匀性、稳定性检测和分析定值进行了较为充分的论述。     

Detecting Differences in Crown Transparency Assessments Between Countries using the Image Analysis System Croco

Estimates of crown transparency calculated using the semi-automatic image analysis system CROCO were compared withthe visual estimates of survey teams from 12 European countries.For each of five European species (Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), Scotspine (Pinus sylvestris L.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), oak (Quercus robur L.)) 15 trees were assessed. In 64\% of the comparisons, CROCO estimates and the survey teams' scores differed significantly, while differences between countries were significant in 58 % of all comparisons. We calculated Spearman's rank correlation and the standard deviation of the differences between CROCO and each country and between pairs of countries. We then computed the medians for CROCO and each country. CROCO and only a few countries hadfor all species a higher median correlation and lower median standard deviation than the median for the comparison between countries. In addition no country had a consistently higher correlation or lower standard deviation than CROCO. We concludethat CROCO can provide more consistent and less variable estimates of crown transparency than visual assessments and that it can serve as a reference to detect differences in visualtransparency assessments between countries over time.     

ISS-2锌渣标准样品中Zn、Pb、Cd全量浸取研究及与纯水浸提比较

锌渣标准样品２００目，已经过多家实验室协作定值，通过二种方法可提取样品中的全量Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ：（１）１＋９ＨＣｌ，密封，０１２～０１４ＭＰａ，１２１℃，６０ｍｉｎ；（２）１＋９ＨＣｌ，超声波处理，６０ｍｉｎ。     

Reference Conditions of Alpine Streams: Physical Habitat and Ecology

Natural and near-natural streams are rare in the densely populated areas of the Alps. A variety of anthropogenic impacts have resulted in the alteration and sometimes even complete destruction of these systems. Nowadays it is difficult to find un-impacted streams that are strongly needed to define the natural variability and ecosystem processes. The results from freshwater inventories and habitat assessments conducted in protected areas in Austria (Nationalpark Hohe Tauern) and Italy (Naturpark Rieserferner-Ahrn) were used to develop a comprehensive typology of Alpine streams. Three different levels were used to discriminate between the distinct stream/river types: source (glacial vs. non-glacial), hierarchy (i.e. location within the stream system) and topography/ channel morphology. Important characters defining the structure and function of these stream types are gradient, substrate composition, flow pattern and riparian vegetation. Benthic fauna assemblages from 99 near-natural stream segments in glacial and non-glacial systems demonstrated the effect of glaciation on abundance levels of the total macroinvertebrate fauna, EPT taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) and the chironomid subfamily Diamesinae in different altitudes. A general decrease of abundances with increasing altitude was found. While stream segments with a degree of glaciation >10% primarily showed reduced abundances at all altitudes, lower (<10%) or no glaciation did not influence invertebrate abundances at lower reaches. Due to the near-natural conditions of the selected stream segments, a valuable definition of reference conditions of Alpine streams based on habitat characteristics is available. As a basis it offers excellent opportunities to conduct holistic interdisciplinary studies in protected areas in the future.     

Including Riparian Vegetation in the Definition of Morphologic Reference Conditions for Large Rivers: A Case Study for Europe’s Western Plains

Methods for defining and retrieving reference conditions for large rivers were explored with emphasis on hydromorphologic and biologic quality indicators. For a set of four large rivers in the European Western Plains ecoregion, i.e., the rivers Meuse, Loire, Allier, and Dordogne, reference reaches were selected based on geomorphologic characteristics. A survey of riparian land use, vegetation, and bed geometry was done for the selected reaches. Responses of the riparian landscape to hydromorphologic conditions were determined with a set of existing and newly developed measures of riparian dynamics and forest development. Strong correlations were observed at the reach and local levels between the ratios of width to depth and embankment and the developed measures of riparian dynamics and forest. Boundary conditions for riparian forest development were determined for the hydromorphologic and biologic indicators of riparian dynamics and vegetation structure. These conditions also proved useful for determining the presence of sustainable populations of Populus nigra and Salix purpurea. From this agreement between abiotic and biotic boundary conditions, a set of useful reference conditions was determined, and a framework for the definition of reference and good status conditions subsequently evolved. Finally, a proposal for assessment and monitoring the proposed indicators is discussed for its applicability.     

国外农业保险模式概述

分别介绍了美国、日本、法国、俄罗斯和一些发展中国家的农业保险发展模式,剖析了这些国家农业保险模式的特点,并将农业保险与其特定的经济环境和社会背景相联系,为政府扶持农业保险发展提供政策支持。这些对探讨我国农业保险的发展,有一定的借鉴意义。     

青岛沿海大气气溶胶中海盐源的贡献

重点研究青岛沿海地区大气气溶胶的海盐来源 .在 Na主要来自于海盐 ,Cl存在亏损的情况下 ,为确定大气气溶胶中的海盐源贡献率 ,将 Na和 Cl作为海盐源参比元素计算得到的海盐源贡献率分别作为上限和下限 ,得出青岛沿海地区大气气溶胶中海盐源的年均质量浓度贡献率大致为 6.3%～ 9.7%.海盐源对气溶胶的贡献随气溶胶粒径增大而增加 .青岛沿海大气气溶胶氯亏损在 36.2 %～ 65.9%范围内 ,是大气中气态无机氯的来源之一 .     

测定大气中丙烯醛标准样品的研制

以甲醇为溶剂配制了用于测定大气中丙烯醛(丙烯醛-2,4-二硝基苯腙)的标准样品,通过气相色谱电子俘获检测器或液相色谱紫外检测器(波长360 nm)进行分析测试.采用重量法配制,经过均匀性、稳定性检验和多个高水平的实验室用气相色谱、液相色谱方法定值,数理统计检验,给出了标准样品的标准值和不确定度.该标准样品可应用于环境监测、污染控制、质量保证和质量控制、仪器校准等.      

水污染分析校准用汞溶液的研制

研制了水污染分析校准用汞溶液。采用原子荧光光谱法对样品进行了均匀性和稳定性检验,对样品的量值进行了验证并进行了不确定度评定。检验结果表明:汞溶液均匀性良好,室温条件下可稳定36个月以上;样品的标准值为100 mg/L,扩展不确定度为2 mg/L。样品量值与美国AccuStandard公司同种标准物质具有一致性。可用于水中汞检测的测定标准、质量控制、分析方法研究以及实验室能力验证等方面。     

发展我国大气颗粒物标准样品的国际经验和建议

介绍了国内外大气颗粒物标准样品体系构成及制备技术,分析了我国大气颗粒物标准样品存在的种类和目标组分单一、研制技术薄弱等问题。在借鉴国外发展经验和考虑我国需求和研究能力的基础上,提出了拓宽大气颗粒物标准样品基质和污染物种类、完善标准样品体系、加强合作与科研投入、逐步攻克研制技术难点等对策和建议。