Different behaviours in the solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water induced by mixed surfactant solutions

Water solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), viz, naphthalene and phenanthrene, in micellar solutions at 25 °C was investigated, using two series of different binary mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants. Tween 80 and Brij-35 were used as nonionic surfactants whereas fatty acids or amphiphilic cyclodextrins (Mod-β-CD) synthesized in our laboratory were used as anionic ones. Solubilization capacity has been quantified in terms of the molar solubilization ratio and the micelle-water partition coefficient, using UV-visible spectrophotometry. Anionic surfactants exhibited less solubilization capacity than nonionics. The mixtures between Tween 80 and Mod-β-CD did not show synergism to increase the solubilization of PAHs. On the other hand, the mixtures formed by Tween 80 and fatty acids at all mole fractions studied produced higher enhancements of the solubility of naphthalene than the individual surfactants. The critical micellar concentration of the mixtures of Tween 80/sodium laurate was determined by surface tension measurements and spectrofluorimetry using pyrene as probe. The system is characterized by a negative interaction parameter (β) indicating attractive interactions between both surfactants in the range of the compositions studied.     

水中阴离子表面活性剂的测量不确定度评定

简要介绍了测量不确定度的概念，运用《测量不确定度评定与表示》的技术规范，通过对阴离子表面活性剂的测定过程，分析了影响阴离子表面活性剂测量不确定度的因素，给出了相对标准不确定度分量，并具体阐明了测量不确定度的评定步骤，得出测量扩展不确定度的结果。     

Na2SO4改善阴离子表面活性剂湿润煤尘性能的研究

本从实验和理论两方面研究了硫酸钠（Na2SO4)改善阴离子表面活性剂溶液湿润煤尘的过程。结果表明,试验用的3种阴离子表面活性剂溶液添加Na2SO4后,对难湿润煤尘的湿润能力均有很大改善。对浓度较低的表面活性剂溶液,Na2SO4起的湿润作用更大。添加Na2SO4改善阴离子表面活性剂溶液湿润能力的主要原因有：（1）表面活性剂或添加Na2O4的表面活性剂复合物降低了水的表面张力;（2）煤尘表面的疏水晶格吸附表面活性剂产生亲水作用;（3）SO4^2-吸附在煤尘表面的亲水晶格上使其保持亲水性;（4）在煤尘疏水晶格上的表面活性剂分子密实填充作用改善其亲水性;（5）在已吸附有表面活性剂的煤尘表面上继续吸附表面活性剂形成半胶束,恢复其亲水性。当表面活性剂使溶液的表面张力降低到临界值以下时,溶液的表面张力对湿润能力不再起重要作用,此时起主导作用的因素是（2）和（3）,其次是（4）和（5）。由于用Na2SO4和低浓度的表面活性剂几乎可以达到单一高浓度表面活性剂的效果,而且Na2SO4的价格比各种表面活性剂的价格要低得多,用添加部分Na2SO4的方法减少表面活性剂的用量,可以大大节约湿润剂的成本。     

Effect of the alkyl chain length on the anaerobic biodegradability and toxicity of quaternary ammonium based surfactants

The anaerobic biodegradability and toxicity to methanogenic gas production of different alkyl chain length homologs of quaternary ammonium based surfactants were examinated. Two series of these cationic surfactants were selected: alkyl trimethyl ammonium and alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium compounds. A simple anaerobic gas production test containing municipal digester solids as a source of anaerobic bacteria was used. Under the applied methanogenic conditions, the cationic surfactants tested showed a very poor primary biodegradation and no evidence of any extent of ultimate biodegradation was observed. The toxicity of quaternary ammonium based surfactants to methanogenic gas production decreased with increasing the alkyl chain length.     

阴-非混合表面活性剂对DNAPLs的增溶作用

表面活性剂增溶修复是一种有效的土壤有机污染修复技术.采用静态平衡法比较研究了单一的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯失水山梨脂肪酸酯醇醚(TWSO)及其混合表面活性剂对3种氯代烃化合物氯苯(CB)、1,2-二氯苯(1,2-DCB)和三氯乙烯(TCE)的增溶作用.考察了无机盐离子Na 、M2 和Ca2 对增溶作用的影响,以期为土壤和地下水重非水相液体(DNAPLs)污染提供新的修复途径.结果表明,阴-非混合表面活性剂TW80-SDS对3种化合物的增溶效果明显强于单一的阴离子表面活性剂SDS,混合表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)随着非离子表面活性剂质量分数的增加而降低,其增溶能力随着非离子表面活性剂质量分数的增加而增加,对污染物的增溶程度排序为:三氯乙烯＞氯苯＞1,2-二氯苯.表面活性剂在临界胶束浓度以上,对有机物的分配系数Kmc与有机物的辛醇-水分配系数Kow相当,而增溶比与有机物的水溶解度呈正相关,与Kow、kow、溶质的摩尔体积和表面活性剂的亲水-亲油平衡值HLB呈负相关.Na 、Mg2 和Ca2 能增大氯苯在表面活性剂中的表观溶解度,阴非离子表面活性剂SDS与TW80混合后能提高表面活性剂的抗硬水能力,提高增溶效率.     

表面活性剂和金属离子对新农药硫肟醚光解的影响

硫肟醚[O-(3-苯氧苄基)-2-甲硫基-1-(4-氯苯基)丙基酮肟醚]是我国研制成功的具有自主知识产权的一种新型杀虫剂.在室内紫外光(λ254 nm)照射下研究了几种表面活性剂和金属离子对硫肟醚在水溶液中光解的影响.试验结果表明,当土温80(Tween80)、十二烷基苯磺酸钙(ABS-Ca)、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚(BY)、三氯化铁(FeCl_3)、硫酸铜(CuSO_4)和无水硫酸镁(MgSO_4)分别与硫肟醚以1:1的比例混合后,硫肟醚的光解速率发生了不同程度的改变.ABS-Ca对硫肟醚在水溶液中的光解速率表现出显著的光猝灭降解效应,蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚类表面活性剂BY对硫肟醚在水溶液中的降解表现出一定程度的光敏化作用.而吐温80对硫肟醚在水体中光解速率的影响则随照光时间而改变,当照光时间小于40 min时,表现为光敏化降解作用,大于40 min时可延缓硫肟醚的光解进程,表现出光猝灭作用.Fe~(3+)使硫肟醚在水溶液中的光解速率增快,表现出明显的光敏化降解效应,而Cu~(2+)和Mg~(2+)使硫肟醚在水体中的光解速率减慢,表现为较强的光猝灭降解作用.硫肟醚在含Tween80、ABS-Ca、BY、FeCl_3、CuSO_4和MgSO_4水溶液中的光解半衰期分别为21.63、34.42、15.29、9.85、43.95和32.20 min,而在不含任何农药化肥的纯净水中的光解半衰期为22.30 min.     

溶剂萃取分离地下强化抽出处理液中的污染物和表面活性剂

以正己烷为萃取剂,SDS和Tween 80为表面活性剂,苯和硝基苯为污染物,通过批次实验研究了萃取时间、油水比、表面活性剂及污染物性质对二者分离效果的影响.结果表明,萃取时间为2h、油水比为0.1是萃取的最佳条件参数;正己烷对Tween 80和苯的分离效果较SDS好,且Tween 80浓度对分离效果影响不大;随着SDS浓度的升高,其与苯的分离效果先增大后减小,在1.375CMC时达到最佳分离效果;正己烷对苯与SDS的分离效果较硝基苯好,且分离效果随着污染物浓度的升高而增大;苯和硝基苯共存时,其与SDS的分离存在竞争作用.     

表面活性剂对土壤中重金属清洗及有效态的影响

采用两种常用的表面活性剂-十二烷基苯磺酸钠(阴离子型)、Tween-80(非离子型),对锦州铁合金厂周边Zn、Cd及Pb重金属污染土壤进行化学修复试验,研究两种表面活性剂对重金属Zn、Cd及Pb的去除率及化学形态影响.结果表明,随着表面活性剂浓度的提高,两种表面活性剂对Pb、Cd及Zn的去除作用增强,Tween-80溶液的浓度越高,对重金属的萃取效果越好,对重金属的去除能力大小顺序为Cd>Zn>Pb,最大去除率分别为83.07%、56.78%及42.57%;十二烷基苯磺酸钠在低浓度时对Cd和Pb的去除效果不明显,而对金属Zn的去除效果较好,在0.09 mol.L-1时达到最大值83.86%;与淋溶前土壤中重金属有效态含量相比较,经不同浓度十二烷基苯磺酸钠淋洗后土壤中Cd有效态含量随LAS浓度的升高而先增加后下降,而Pb的有效态含量随十二烷基苯磺酸钠升高而增加;经不同浓度Tween-80淋洗后土壤中Zn及Cd有效态含量都是随Tween-80浓度的升高而先增加后下降,Pb有效态含量随Tween-80升高而下降.     

溢油分散剂中吐温80对石油中多环芳烃在海水中光降解的影响

溢油事故发生后喷洒溢油分散剂是常用的应急措施之一,这使得溢油分散剂中的表面活性剂与石油中的重要污染物多环芳烃(PAHs)在海水中共存。光化学转化是水中PAHs的重要转化途径,这些共存表面活性剂如何影响PAHs在海水中的光化学消减还有待阐明。本研究选取溢油分散剂的重要活性成分吐温80和石油中2种不同类型的PAHs(菲和二苯并噻吩),通过光化学实验考察不同浓度吐温80对菲(PHE)和二苯并噻吩(DBT)在海水中的光降解速率常数和光解量子产率的影响,并通过量子化学计算的手段研究其影响机制。研究发现:吐温80可以使PHE和DBT的阳离子自由基回到稳定的基态,降低PHE和DBT的光解量子产率,从而抑制PHE和DBT的光降解。该结果表明,在评价溢油分散剂的风险性时不可忽视其对PAHs环境转化行为的影响。     

Controlling microbiological interfacial behaviors of hydrophobic organic compounds by surfactants in biodegradation process

Bioremediation of hydrophobic organic compounds （HOCs） contanlinated soils involves several physicochemical and microbiological interracial processes among the soil-water-microorganism interfaces. The participation of surfactants facilitates the mass transport of HOCs in both the physicochemical and microbiological interfaces by reducing the interfacial tension. The effects and underlying mechanisms of surfactants on the physi-cochemical desorption of soil-sorbed HOCs have been widely studied. This paper reviewed the progress made in understanding the effects of surfactant on microbiological interlhcial transport of HOCs and the underlying mechanisms, which is vital for a better understanding and control of the mass transfer of HOCs in the biodegradation process. In summary, surfactants affect the microbiological interfacial behaviors of HOCs during three consecutive processes： the soil solution-microorganism sorption, the transmembrane process, and the intracellular metabolism. Surfactant could promote cell sorption of HOCs depending on the compatibility of surfactant hydrophile hydrophilic balance （HLB） with cell surface properties; while the dose ratio between surfactant and biologic mass （membrane lipids） determined the transmembrane processes. Although surfactants cannot easily directly affect the intracellular enzymatic metabolism of HOCs due to the steric hindrace, the presence of surfactants can indirectly enhanced the metabolism by increasing the substrate concentrations.