基于卫星雷达数据的鄱阳湖湿地水面检测与淹露分析

以鄱阳湖自然保护区湿地为例,对多时相、多极化的合成孔径雷达(ENVISAT ASAR)数据作主成分分析,得到主成分分量影像,其中次要分量波段包含大部分的局部变异信息,使用主成分分量波段和log算子提取了ASAR影像中湿地淹没变化信息.结果表明,鄱阳湖自然保护区湿地对外湖水位变化有滞后效应,但总体上,其淹没变化仍显著地受到鄱阳湖外湖洪水的影响.与分类后检测法、分类前变化探测法等方法相比,所采用的变化检测方法可得到更为理想的ASAR影像湿地淹没变化信息提取的精度.使用同极化/交叉极化组合模式的ASAR数据对水面变化检测的精度明显优于同极化波段(HH/VV)组合的数据.     

夏季广州城区细颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)中水溶性无机离子特征

于2008年7月1～31日在广州城区每天采集PM2.5和PM1.0样品.利用离子色谱分析了样品中Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、NO3-和SO24-等9种离子组分质量浓度,并同步收集气象因子、大气散射系数、大气能见度以及SO2、NO2、O3气体污染物质量浓度等数据.结果表明,PM2.5和PM1.0中水溶性无机离子总浓度分别为(25.5±10.9)μg·m-3和(22.7±10.5)μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度的(47.9±4.3)%和(49.3±4.3)%.SO42-占PM2.5和PM1.0中质量浓度百分比最高,分别为(25.8±4.0)%和(27.5±4.5)%.较高的温度和O3浓度有利于SO24-的生成,较高相对湿度有利于NO3-的生成.PM2.5和PM1.0中亲水性较强的SO42-、NH4+和NO3-对散射系数和能见度影响较大.     

氯苯紫外光降解产物对生物过滤塔运行性能的影响

生物过滤技术对难生物降解VOCs的处理效果较差,构建紫外光降解-生物过滤联合处理工艺是解决难生物降解VOCs处理的一个有效手段.已有研究表明,紫外光降解预处理对氯苯生物过滤塔的去除性能有促进作用.为了考察紫外预处理对生物过滤塔的影响机理,本研究分别考察了氯苯紫外光降解主要产物氯酚、乙酸以及副产物臭氧对生物过滤塔运行性能的影响.研究结果表明,加入乙酸降低了生物过滤塔的氯苯去除性能,在增加喷淋量后去除性能有所恢复.加入邻氯酚使生物过滤塔的氯苯去除性能略有降低.臭氧明显促进了生物过滤塔的氯苯去除性能,当进口臭氧浓度在60～120mg.m-3时,氯苯平均去除率可由70%提高到90%以上.因此,臭氧是紫外预处理促进生物过滤塔运行性能的主要因素.     

北京北部水系沉积物中重金属的研究

主要研究了北京市北部水系沉积物中重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn)含量和来源.在潮白河及密云水库流域采集了17个沉积物样品,温榆河流域采集了5个样品,重金属含量As和Hg采用原子荧光光谱法测定,Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn含量用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定.研究结果表明,沉积物中重金属元素没有出现明显的富集状况,只有Hg、Cd、Cr和Zn在一些采样点有较高的富集.相关性分析表明Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu互相之间呈显著正相关(r0.06;p0.01),而Hg与Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Ti没有明显的相关性.通过主成分分析研究重金属的来源,发现前3个主成分贡献率分别为38%、23%和17%.因此,Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu作为第一主成分被认为与人类活动的工矿业开采有关,第二主成分As和Mn与人类活动的农业生产和生活污水排放有关,第三主成分Cr、Ni和Ti与岩石风化和土壤侵蚀有关.     

Comparative study of microbial community structure in di erent filter media of constructed wetland

Comparisons of microbial community structure, in eight filter media of zeolites, anthracite, shale, vermiculite, ceramic filter media, gravel, steel slag and bio-ceramic, were undertaken by analyzing the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition. A total of 20 fatty acids in the range of C11 to C20 were determined but only 13 PLFAs were detected in steel slag. They consist of saturated fatty acids, branched fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The variation of fatty acids was revealed in the relative proportions of these fatty acids in di erent media. The aerobic prokaryotes were the predominant group in all media. The PLFA composition showed significant di erences among the eight di erent media by Tukey’s honestly test. It was found that steel slag was significantly di erent in the microbial community as compared to other filter media, probably due to its alkaline e uent. Steel slag alone is probably not a good choice of substratum in constructed wetlands. The principle components analysis (PCA) showed that zeolites, bio-ceramic, shale and vermiculite had a similar microbial community structure while steel slag and ceramic filter media were distinct from other media.     

Organic matter extracted from activated sludge with ammonium hydroxide and its characterization

In order to characterize the organic properties of waste activated sludge in a wastewater treatment plant,organic matter within sludge was extracted with NH 3 ·H 2 O preferentially,and subsequently fractionated into five fractions using XAD-8/XAD-4 resins.Up to a 63.8%-71.1% of organic matter within the sludge could be efficiently extracted by NH 3 ·H 2 O.Fractionation results showed that hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic fraction were two main components among the sludge organic matter (accounting for 32.2% and 48.0% of the bulk organic matter,respectively),whereas transphilic acid,hydrophobic neutral and transphilic neutral were quite low (accounting for 9.2%,5.8% and 4.8%,respectively).Despite that the extractant of NH 3 ·H 2 O showed a relatively higher extraction efficiency of the aromatic components,the relatively low aromaticity of the organic fractions implied that those non-aromatic components could also be effectively extracted,especially for neutral and hydrophilic fractions.In addition,acidic fractions contained more aromatic humic-like components,whereas the neutral fractions had a greater content of aromatic proteins and soluble microbial byproduct-like components.Extraction of sludge organics with NH 3 ·H 2 O and subsequential fractionation using XAD resins could be a novel method for further characterization of sludge organics.     

Improved source assessment of Si, Al and related mineral components to PM10 based on a daily sampling procedure

Samples obtained from an industrialized valley in the East Alpine region were collected daily for a half year and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to examine the elements Si,Al,Fe,Ca,Mg,Na,K,Zn,P,S and Cl.Some factors affecting the changes of these elements were considered,including time,elemental correlations,weekday,weekend and seasonal changes.Diagnostic analysis provided an insight into a decoupling behavior that occursin siliceous and carbonates minerals.A decrease in Si and Al and an increase in carbonates,Na,K,Zn and P were observed during the cold season.However,a consistently high correlation of Si and Al was observed in all seasons.It was established that such high levels originated from street surface abrasion.The increase in variability and absolute levels of carbonates during the cold season was demonstrated by adding carbonates to the street surface as gritting material to increase the grip on snowy surfaces.A marked increase in Na and Cl was observed in winter which may have been caused by thaw salt that is widely used in winter in Austria.This was associated with a significant increase in K,Zn,and P in the cold season that was the result of domestic space heating with wood.PM10 levels in December were 12 μg/m3 and were higher than levels detected in July.It was established that such high levels originated from mineral oxides,wood smoke,and inorganic ionic material(s).     

有关污染的测验

<正>1、1984年,某一农药厂意外泄漏了45吨致命的异氰酸甲酯气体,请问该农药厂位于印度的哪一城市?印多尔博帕尔马诺哈普尔泰瓦答案:博帕尔。1984年11月3日,博帕尔的一家联合碳化物公司意外泄露了数十吨甲酯气体,这一事件导致居住在附近的居民千余人死亡,同时还造成了上万人逃离博帕尔     

发展低碳农业已刻不容缓

上期《环境经济》的封面文章——《低碳农业的春天》,我们看到了低碳农业在我国的现状和发展前景。一般来说,以减缓温室气体排放为目标,以减少碳排放、增加碳汇和适应气候变化技术为手段,通过加强基础设施建设、产业结构调整、提高土壤有机质、做好病虫害防治、发展农村可再生能源等农业生产和农民生活方式转变,